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els midterm Flashcards

1
Q

are building blocks of rocks.

A

Minerals

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2
Q

are the most common

materials we can see in our surrounding.

A

Rocks

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3
Q

Naturally occurring solids
Non-living
Composed of one or more minerals

A

Rocks

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4
Q

is formed by the hardening and crystallization of
molten material that originates from deep within the earth. The rock material is called
magma.

A

Igneous Rocks

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5
Q

is divided into 2 groups,-extrusive and intrusive.

A

An igneous rock

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6
Q

form when magma flows onto the surface of the earth or floor of the ocean through deep
cracks or fissures and at volcanic vents. The magma then cools and hardens.

A

Extrusive rocks

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7
Q

results when magma solidifies beneath the earth’s surface.

A

An intrusive

rock

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8
Q

have finer

grained texture than intrusive rocks.

A

Extrusive rocks

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9
Q

vary from thin sheets to huge,

irregular masses.

A

Intrusive rocks

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10
Q

are obsidian, pumice and peridotite.

A

Examples of igneous rocks

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11
Q

develop from sediments. Sediments are
tiny grains of dirt, sand, mud and clay weathered or worn off rocks. These are then
washed into streams, rivers, lakes and oceans and they settle in the bottom of these
bodies of water. Minerals in the water and very tiny sea animals become mixed with the
dirt and sand to form layers of sediment. Every day more sediments are added. After
thousands and millions of years deep accumulations of sediment are produced. The
weight and pressure from the upper layers turn the sediment in the bottom into
sedimentary rocks.

A

Sedimentary Rocks – Sedimentary rocks

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12
Q

are limestone, conglomerate, shale

and sandstone. The Island of Cebu is famous for its limestone and dolomite deposits.

A

Examples of sedimentary rocks

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13
Q

These rocks can come from igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks

or even from other metamorphic rocks.

A

Metamorphic Rocks –

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14
Q

How are these rocks formed? When a rock is
subjected to high temperature, high pressure and chemically active fluids, it becomes
unstable and begins to re-crystallize into different stable minerals. This causes change in
the composition of the rock as well as the rock type. The Island of Romblon is the famous
for its marble rocks. Mindoro Island has marble rocks too.

A

Metamorphic Rocks –

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15
Q

is a solid
inorganic compound, represented by a chemical formula. A rock is an aggregate of one or
more minerals. For example, coal is a sedimentary rock composed of carbon.

A

A mineral

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16
Q

describes the

orderly geometric spatial arrangement of atoms in the internal structure of a mineral.

A

Crystal structure

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17
Q

The external shape of a crystal or groups of crystals is observed as these crystals growin
open spaces. The form reflects the internal structure of crystals. This includes prismatic,
tabular, bladed, platy, reniform and equant. A mineral without crystal structure is
amorphous.

A

CRYSTAL HABIT

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18
Q

It is a measure of the resistance of a mineral (not specifically surface) to abrasion. Mohs
Scale of Hardness by Friedrich Mohs in 1812. this compares the resistance of a mineral
relative to the 10 reference minerals with known hardness by scratching them with common
objects of known hardness.

A

HARDNESS

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19
Q

Maybe a unique identifying property of certain minerals. But a lot of minerals share
similar or same colors and some exhibit a range of colors. Color varies because of the
impurities within the crystals structure of modified by weathering. Streak is the color of
mineral in powder form it is better diagnostic property compared to color.

A

COLOR AND STREAK

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20
Q

Quality and intensity of reflected light exhibited by the mineral

A

LUSTER / TRANSPARENCY

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21
Q

LUSTER / TRANSPARENCY types

A

Metallic, Non-metallic

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22
Q

— generally opaque and exhibit a resplendent shine similar to polished metal

A

Metallic

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23
Q

vitreous (glassy), adamantine (brilliant/ diamond-like), resinous, silky,
pearly, dull (earthy), greasy, etc.

A

Non-metallic —

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24
Q

It is the property of some minerals to break
along parallel repetitive planes of weakness to
form smooth, flat surfaces.

A

CLEAVAGE

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25
Q

Exogenic processes are external processes that occur at or near the surface of Earth.
Exogenic processes are part of the rock cycle. They are responsible for transforming rocks
into sediments. Exogenic processes include degradation processes (deposition).

A

WEATHERING

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26
Q

The physical breakdown and/ or chemical alteration of rocks at or near Earth’s surface
is referred to as ——– It is a degradation process and does not involve movement
movement of materials.

A

weathering.

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27
Q

There are two types of weathering:

A

Mechanical and Chemical

Weathering.

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28
Q
  1. Frost Wedging -
  2. Insolation -
  3. Exfoliation -

Juniper Pine and Rock Weathering - EPOD - a service of USRA

  1. Plant Growth -

unloading

thermal expansion and contraction

salt crystal growth

hydration

A

MECHANICAL WEATHERING

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29
Q
  • Cracking of rock mass by the
    expansion of water as it freezes in crevices and
    cracks.
A
  1. Frost Wedging
30
Q
  • Repeated heating and cooling of
    materials cause rigid substances to crack and
    separate.
A
  1. Insolation
31
Q
  • As underlying rock layers are exposed, there is less pressure on them
    and they expand. This causes the rigid layers to crack and sections to slide off (similar to
    peeling of outer skin layers after a sunburn).The expanding layers often form a dome.
A
  1. Exfoliation
32
Q
  • a service of USRA
A

Juniper Pine and Rock Weathering - EPOD

33
Q
  • As plants such as trees send out root systems, the fine roots find
    their way into cracks in the rocks. As the roots increase in size, they force the rock
    sections apart, increasing the separation and weathering.
A
  1. Plant Growth
34
Q
  1. Carbonation -
  2. Oxidation -
  3. Hydrolysis -
  4. Biological Action -
A

CHEMICAL WEATHERING

35
Q
  • Carbonic acid form from rain dissolves minerals and rocks with
    calcium carbonate.
A
  1. Carbonation
36
Q

Minerals may combine with oxygen to form new minerals that are not as
hard. For example, the iron- containing mineral pyrite forms a rust y-colored mineral called
limonite.

PYRITE

LIMONITE

Limonite: an iron oxide used as pigment and iron ore

A
  1. Oxidation -
37
Q
  • Minerals may chemically combine with water to form new minerals.
    Again these are generally not as hard as the original material.

FELDSPAR

Feldspar | Minerals Education Coalition

KAOLINITE (CLAY)

Kaolinite: The clay mineral kaolinite information and pictures

A
  1. Hydrolysis
38
Q

Some plants and animals may create chemical weathering by
releasing chelating compounds that reacts with some minerals in rocks. Decaying remains
of dead plants in soil may form organic acids and when dissolved in water may cause
chemical weathering.

A
  1. Biological Action -
39
Q

is the process of
transporting weathered sediments by agents of —to different places. Some agents of
– are Splash, sheet, Gully, Valley, Bank, Coastline and Seaside cliff erosion.

A

erosion

40
Q

Materials are transported in four distinct ways as

A

solution, suspension, by traction or through saltation.

41
Q
  • Materials are described in water and carried along by water.
A
  1. Solution
42
Q

The suspended particles are carried by a medium ( air, water, or ice ).

A
  1. Suspension -
43
Q
  • Particles move by rolling, sliding, and shuffling along eroded surface. These
    movements occur in all erosion agents.
A
  1. Traction
44
Q
  • Particles move from the surface to the medium in quick repeated cycles. The
    repeated cycle has enough force to detach new particles.
A
  1. Saltation
45
Q

The mass movement of rocks, soil and regolith is often referred to as . It
is the the step that follows weathering and is also a degradation process.

A

mass wasting

46
Q

The driving force
of mass wasting is— . Although – is the controlling force there are other factors
that influence or trigger the down slope movement of materials with water, such as over
steeping of slopes beyond the angle of repose, removal of anchoring vegetation, and
ground vibration from earthquakes.

A

gravity

47
Q

The types of mass wasting are

A

Rock and Debris falls,

Landslides and Flows.

48
Q

helps hold soil, loos rocks and regolith, through the roots of plants. Plant
debris like leaves, and twigs protect the soil. Observing practices, such as selective
logging, reforestation, planting trees on steeper slopes and along streams and rivers,
and not removing or burning plant debris, may reduce mass movement.

A

Vegetation

49
Q

may be due to quarrying, open pit mining, home building on
steep slopes, highway construction (road cuts) and adding weight to slopes with
housing construction. Reducing the slope may reduce mass movement. Thus, it can be
done through proper grading or building terraces, reinforcing the base of the slope, and
reducing the load in the slope.

A

Over steeping slopes

50
Q

Adding— to slopes through lawn watering, leakage and draining in swimming
pool and water reservoir leakage also induces mass movement. Water serves as
lubricanting mass movement. Reducing water in a slope makes the slope more stable

A

moisture

51
Q

erosional stripping of overlying rocks

removal of great weight on the surface

A

unloading

52
Q

occurs when temperature changes rapidly

A

thermal expansion and contraction

53
Q

water with dissolved salt creates space and then evaporates, and growing salt crystals wedge rocks apart

A

salt crystal growth

54
Q

water molecules attach to the crystalline structure of a mineral and the expands when hydrated, shrinks when dehydrated

A

hydration

55
Q

water

oxygen

carbon dioxide

A

catalysts and reactive agents of chemical weathering

56
Q

climate

type of rock

nature and amount of fractures

A

variability in weathering

57
Q

arid climate

A

physical weathering

58
Q

humid climate

A

chemical weathering

59
Q

soil-thin and unconsolidated
earth-thicker soil
debris-wide range of grain sizes
mud-saturated sediment

A

Type of material

60
Q

thin and unconsolidated

A

soil-

61
Q

-thicker soil

A

earth

62
Q

-wide range of grain sizes

A

debris

63
Q

saturated sediment

A

mud-

64
Q

Heaving process

slow migration but most persistent

CREEP

A

*SLOW MASS

WASTING

65
Q

most common in high latitudes and high elevation tundra regions

permafrost
active layer
summer thaw

A

solifluction

66
Q

falls
avalanches
slides
flows

A

*FAST MASS

WASTING

67
Q

weathering weakens the bond between clasts and cliff

large rock masses that fall from a cliff face or an overhanging ledge

A

falls

68
Q

material is pulverized and flows rapidly

A

avalanches

69
Q

rapid slides of mass of rocks, mud, debris

mountain areas
water plays a big role

A

slides

70
Q

earth flow
debirs flow
mud flow

rich in clay and silt

A

flow

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