Introduction and History

Question 1

What does being different means historically?

Answer 1

being:

• Destroyed
• Tortured
• Exorcised
• Sterilized
• Ignored
• Exiled

Question 2

Double standard?

Answer 2

Physical vs mental impairment (MR vs MI)

Question 3

What group received the worst treatment throughout most of history?

Answer 3

Mental illness

Question 4

Survival and Superstition

Answer 4

• 3000 to 500 B.C.
• Concept of survival of the fittest (need to be physically fit for providing for the clan (food/protection))
• Superstition guided social responses (if you had a deformity it was seen as a bad omen)

Question 5

Humanitarian Reform

Answer 5

• 500 B.C to 400 A.D.
• Doctrine of the survival of the fittest
• Double standard : born with disability = bad, disability cause by war = hero.
• Treatment for MI: purification, exorcism
• Hippocrate: recognize MI as a disease of natural cause
• Plato: recognize MI as curable through physical activity, massage and hydrotherapy
• • PA does help with MI
• • Better if you combine PA medication

Question 6

Judeo-Christian Influence

Answer 6

• 400 to 1500 A.D.
• Religious influence increase the level of acceptance and understanding = better humanitarian treatment
• • Concept that taking a life was a sinful act
• Protective environment of monasteries and royal courts
• MR = child of God, MI = possessed by Devil

Question 7

Influence of Science and Medicine

Answer 7

• 16th to 17th centuries
• MI are still persecuted
• Deaf of noble birth = education
• MR = good treatment but perceived as a burden

Question 8

Initial Acceptance

Answer 8

• 18th century
• Influence of French Revolution: more compassion and education (schools for blind and deaf children), more individual responsibility and better treatment for MI.
• Disability no longer due to Satan

Question 9

Beginnings of Educational Treatment

Answer 9

• 19th century
• Jean-Marc Itard: children with severe MR can be taught and improved functioning
• Edouard Seguin: developed educational system focusing on physical intellectual and more development.
• Influence of European: residential institutions for MR, Deaf and blind people in USA

Question 10

Social Reform

Answer 10

• 20th century
• Concern about disability from education, psychology (Freud & Pavlov) and medecine
• IQ tests developed
• Quest for quantification of disability and individuals
• Positives effect of WWs on attitude toward persons with a disability.

Question 11

Trends

Answer 11

• Concept of true inclusion (choice of friends, work ,etc and be able to say yes or no without penalty)
• progressive inclusion and acceptance of disability in sport (ex. commonwealth)
• Individuals with disability are individuals who can contribute to the betterment of society.

Question 12

Disablement Model

Answer 12

Trauma / disease - Impairment - Disability - Handicap

Question 13

Disablement Model - Trauma

Answer 13

• Injury of living tissues caused by extrinsic agent

- Ex: TBI (traumatic brain injury) , amputation, SCI (spinal cord injury)

Question 14

Disablement Model - Disease (active pathology)

Answer 14

• Interruption of normal cellular processes
• Top 2 in CAN: Cancer and heart disease
• Other ex: Parkinson’s, ALS, diabetes, stroke

Question 15

Disablement Model - Impairment

Answer 15

• Loss or abnormality at the tissues, organ or body system level

Question 16

3 categories of psychologic impairments

Answer 16

• Musculoskeletal system (ex: muscular atrophy, inflammation)
• Pulmonary system (ex: loss of a lung, shortness of breathing)
• Neuromuscular system (ex: demyelination, decreased in proprioception)

Question 17

Disablement Model - Disability

Answer 17

Any restriction or lack of ability to perform a task or an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being

Question 18

If someone is in a wheelchair can you say he/she is handicapped ?

Answer 18

No

Question 19

Disablement Model - Handicap

Answer 19

• Disadvantage resulting from an impairment or disability that limits or prevents fulfillment of an individual’s role.
• Classification of a circumstances or situations

Question 20

Mental Retardation

Answer 20

Issues with adaptation and critical thinking

• seen around grade 4-6
• can continue education but will not be passing in most cases

Question 21

Mental Illness

Answer 21

Lose sense with reality

• schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression
• Mental processes are not slower like MR

Question 22

Arthritis - Disease

Answer 22

Arthritis in hips and knee

Question 23

Arthritis - Impairment

Answer 23

Decreased in ROM

• loss of muscle strength and endurance
• inflammation in the affected hip and knee

Question 24

Arthritis - Disability

Answer 24

Decreased in walking capacities

Question 25

Arthritis - Handicap

Answer 25

Can no longer play his role as a volunteer in hospital because the person needed to walk for a while

Question 26

Number 1 parasport in the world

Answer 26

Wheelchair basketball

Question 27

Effect of world wars

Answer 27

1. increase number of people with a disability

2. increase health services

Question 28

Significant Events in Parasport (12)

Answer 28

1. First Sports Club for Deaf (berlin)
2. First International Silent Games (Paris)
3. Sir Ludwig Gutman established the Spinal Injuries Center of the Stoke Mandeville Hospital (England = war vets)
4. First wheelchair basketball game played by war vets (USA)
5. First Stoke Mandeville Games for the Paralyzed (England)
6. International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation (ISMWSF)
7. International Sport Organization for Disabled (ISOD)
8. First male wheelchair entrant in Boston Marathon
9. First female wheelchair entrant in Boston Marathon
10. Cerebral Palsy-International Sport and Recreation Association (CP-ISRA)
11. International Blind Sports Association (IBSA)
12. Creation of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC)

Question 29

International Paralympic Committee (IPC) Mandates

Answer 29

1. To promote elite sports for athletes with disabilities

2. To integrate these athletes to the Olympics

Question 30

Who is allowed to participate in the Paralympics?

Answer 30

• BSA : International Blind Sport Association
• ISOD : International Sport Organisation for Disabled
• ISMWSF : International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation
• CP-ISRA : Cerebral Palsy-International Sport and Recreation Association
• INAS-FMH : International Sport Federation for Persons with Mental Handicap wasn’t part of it before so they also have World Championship
• CISS can compete but they prefer the world games instead*

Question 31

Before being called Paralympics, what was the name of the game?

Answer 31

Olympics for the disabled

Question 32

Significant Dates in Paralympics (6)

Answer 32

1. First game in 1960 with 400 athletes: for wheelchair sports (Spinal cord injury)
2. In 1980, they added Amputee, Blind and Cerebral palsy
3. In 1988, rename it to Paralympics and added les autres
4. in 1992, two differents paralympics game one for visual and physical impairment and one for mentral impairments.
5. From 1994 to 2004, only for physical and visual impairments.
6. In 2004, 3200 athletes participated.

Question 33

Key points of the Chronology of Paralympics Games (2)

Answer 33

1. Negotiation between IPC and IOC in 1985

2. Paralympics means attached to the Olympics