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PR3124 CA2 > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What type of vaccine requires refrigeration?

A

Live, attenuated vaccine

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2
Q

What vaccines are in our National Childhood Immunisation Schedule?

A
  1. BCG
  2. Hepatitis B
  3. DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis)
  4. Tdap (tetanus, reduced diphtheria, pertussis)
  5. Inactivated poliovirus
  6. Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)
  7. Pneumococcal conjugate (PCV10 or PCV13)
  8. Pneumoccocal polysaccharide (PPSV23)
  9. MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
  10. VAR (varicella)
  11. Human papillomavirus (HPV2 or HPV4)
  12. Influenza (INF)
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3
Q

When should you avoid live attenuated vaccines?

A
  1. pregnant
  2. infancy
  3. severely immunocompromised (hematologic/solid organ malignancies, immunosuppressive meds/chemo, HIV CD4 <100)
  4. live vaccine within 28 days
  5. 3-10 months apart from Ig products (immunoglobulins, blood)
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4
Q

Name 2 recombinant vaccines

A

HPV

Hepatitis B

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5
Q

What are some common adverse effects of vaccines?

A
  1. headache
  2. pain at injection site
  3. myalgia
  4. (less common) fever, hematoma
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6
Q

What is the MOA of live attenuated vaccines?

A

Weaken virus by passing it through a tissue culture in which it replicates poorly -> activates killer T cells
1-2 doses are enough for lifelong immunity

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7
Q

___ vaccine is unable to cause disease or to spread.

A

Toxoid

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8
Q

What types of vaccines require boosters?

A
  1. Inactivated (whole, killed)
  2. Subunit (protein, polysaccharide or conjugated)
  3. Toxoid
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9
Q

How are inactivated vaccines made?

A

Pathogen treated with heat or chemicals to kill it

- easy to store and transport

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10
Q

Why are booster doses required?

A

antibody concentration decreases over time -> boosters maintain protective levels of immunity

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11
Q

What are some severe adverse effects of vaccines?

A

Anaphylaxis

Hypersensitivity

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12
Q

What are the vaccines in our National Adult Immunisation Schedule?

A

(shared with NCIS)

  1. Influenza
  2. PCV13
  3. PPSV23
  4. Tdap
  5. HPV2 or HPV4
  6. HepB
  7. MMR
  8. VAR
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13
Q

Name 3 live attenuated vaccines

A

MMR
VAR
Rotavirus

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14
Q

Name 3 inactivated vaccines

A

Polio
Hepatitis A
Rabies

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15
Q

Contraindications for vaccines

A
  1. Allergy to vaccine or components
  2. Moderate/severe illness w/ fever >38C
  3. Bleeding risk - precaution (low platelet or anti-coagulants)
  4. Pregnancy (live attenuated)
  5. Immunocompromised (live attenuated)
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16
Q

How does herd immunity work?

A

Most community members are protected (including un-immunized individuals) because enough are immunized to contain the spread of disease.

17
Q

How are toxoid vaccines made?

A

Toxin produced by the pathogen is deactivated and used to produce the immune response
Stable and easy to distribute

18
Q

Name 2 toxoid vaccines.

A

Diphtheria

Tetanus

19
Q

How are recombinant vaccines manufactured?

A

Genetic engineering

contain no actual virus (e.g. HepB, HPV) or modified strain (live oral typhoid)

20
Q

Which type of vaccine is particularly hard to manufacture?

A

subunit vaccine

21
Q

Name 4 subunit vaccines.

A
  1. Pertussis
  2. Pneumococcus
  3. HepB
  4. Influenza
22
Q

What should you do if you miss a dose of vaccine?

A

Take the next dose as soon as possible, additional doses are usually not required

23
Q

What vaccine cannot be used with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV?)

A

Meningococcal conjugate vaccine cannot be used with PCV in patients with functional or anatomical asplenia
-> space 4 weeks to prevent interference

24
Q

Which vaccines are to be given in adults who have not been previously vaccinated, or lack evidence of past infection/immunity?

A

HPV
HepB
MMR
VAR

25
Q

For adults aged >65, which vaccines should they receive?

A

Influenza
PCV13
PPSV23

26
Q

What are some common components of vaccines? Name 5

A

Adjuvant: enhance immune response (Al(OH)3, AlPO4)
Antibiotics: prevent bacterial contamination during manufacturing
Stabilisers: inorganic Mg salts (sulfate, chloride), mix lactose/sorbitol/gelatin, MSG, glycine
Preservatives: e.g. thiomersal for multi-dose vaccines, phenol, phenoxyethanol
Trace components: purposefully removed after manufacturing e.g formaldehyde

PR3124 CA2 (4 decks)

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