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Phys Exam two > Enzyme-linked cell surface receptors > Flashcards

Enzyme-linked cell surface receptors Flashcards

1
Q

Receptor Classes - 6

What are they and what are their receptors?

A

Receptor guanylyl cyclases - ANP receptor; Receptor tyrosine kinases - growth factor receptors, insulin receptor, RAS; Tyrosin kinase associated receptors - erythropoietin receptor; Receptor Tyrosine phosphatases - CD45; Receptor serine/threonine kinases - Mullerian inhibiting substance; bone morphogenic protein

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2
Q

What is the ANP receptor?

A

a single membrane spanning protein with an extracellular receptor binding domain, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular guanylyl cyclase domains.

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3
Q

When is the guanylyl cyclase inactive?

A

As an unbound monomer

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4
Q

Guanylyl cyclase catalyzes what reaction?

A

The generation of cGMP from GTP and cGMP activates protein kinase G
s;o GTP > cGMP > protein kinase G > targeted proteins phosphorylated

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5
Q

What does Protein kinase G phosphorylate?

A

Target proteins

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6
Q

What do phosphorylated proteins mediate?

A

hormone function

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7
Q

BP Regulation - Why is ANP released from secretory vesicles in atria?

A

In response to an increase in stretch.

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8
Q

BP regulation - Where are NP-A/B receptors present?

A

adrenal glands, kidneys, and in vascular smooth muscle.

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9
Q

BP Regulation - what is caused by activation of NP-A/B?

A

results in cGMP generation and PKG activation.

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10
Q

BP Regulation - NP - A/B activation in the kidney increases? Reduces? Inhibits?

A

Increases glomerular filtration, reduces renin secretion, and inhibits Na+ and water retention.

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11
Q

BP Regulation - NP-A/B activation in adrenal gland inhibits? What does inhabitation lead to?

A

Inhibits aldosterone secretion, which leads to reduction of Na+ in water retention

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12
Q

BP Regulation - NP-A/B in blood vessels causes?

A

vasodilation via a relaxation of smooth muscle.

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13
Q

BP Regulation - Reduction in blood volume and vasodilation lead to what?

A

Reduction in BP

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14
Q

Insulin receptors consist of two what? What do they contain?

A

The receptor consists of two extracellular subunits which contains hormone binding domains and two membrane spanning subunits which contain cystolic tyrosine kinase domains.

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15
Q

What does binding of insulin cause?

A

activation of the receptor through auto-phosphorylation of cytosolic tyrosine kinase

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16
Q

Activated insulin receptor pathways - 1 - IRS1 pathway
where?
activated receptor associated with what? What does that cause?

A

In skeletal muscle and adipose tissues.

Activated receptor associates with IRS-1 on adapter protein, and causes activation of PI3K.

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17
Q

What does PI3K mediate?

A

mediates fusion to the cell membrane of vesicles that include GLUT4 in the vesicle membrane

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18
Q

What does GLUT4 mediate?

A

facilitated diffusion of glucose into the cell.

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19
Q

Insulin receptor signaling - MAPK pathways: The activated receptor activates what?

A

Activated receptor activates the adapter protein SOS

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20
Q

SOS activates what? and by promoting what? In the insulin pathways.

A

RAS by promoting the GTP bound form

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21
Q

What does RAS-GTP activate?

A

Activates the MAP-kinase pathway.

22
Q

What does activation of MAPK consist of?

A

Phosphorylation of MAPKKK and then MAPKK and then MAPK

23
Q

What does phosphorylate MAPK translocates what?

A

translocates into the nucleus and activates transcription of early genes.

24
Q

What do jun and fos proteins do in insulin receptor?

A

translocate into the nucleus and activate the transcription of secondary genes, such as GLUT4 and GLUT1

25
Q

What family does RAS belong to and what are they involved in?

A

RAS belongs to monomeric GTPases, involved in relaying signals within the cells to the nucleus, cytoplasm, secretory machinery

26
Q

When RAS binds GTP it is? When RAS is bound to GSP it is..

What is RAS intrinsic GTPase enhanced by?

A

switched on
switched off
accessory proteins

27
Q

What is MAPK signaling involved in?

A

part of a pathway that leads to cell proliferation.

28
Q

What does mutated RAS lack? What does this lead to?

A

lacks GTPase activity, fails to allow signal termination and causes excessive cell proliferation leading to cancer.
Ras is called proto-oncogene

29
Q

Insulin deficient diabetes mellitus:

What are the signs and hows it treated?

A

high blood glucose, defective pancreatic Beta cells, insufficient insulin secretion, low insulin levels, treated with insulin.

30
Q

Insulin Resistant Diabetes Melliktus

A

High blood glucose, defective insulin receptor/signaling in peripheral tissues; insulin resistance at various levels, normal or high plasma insulin levels; treated with insulin.

31
Q

Diabetes mellitus presentation, pathology, and Plasma glucose levels?

A

Presentation - weight loss, polydipsia/polyuria/weakness.
Pathology - hypoglycemia, glucosuria/hyperlipidemia, ketonuria, uremia.
Plasma glucose = 22-44 mM

32
Q

Failure to uptake glucose results in?

A

hypoglycemia > exceed renal threshold > glucosuria
Hyperosmotic plasma > dehydration of cells > hyperglycemic coma
Polydipsia > osmotic diuresis > polyuria

33
Q

Intracellular energy shortage results in..

A

Mobilization of fatty acids > hyperlipidemia.
Metabolism of fatty acids > acetyl-CoA >acetoacetate > 4-OH butyrate + acetone.
Metabolism of fatty acids > keto acidosis > acidotic coma.
Metabolism of fatty acids > ketonuria.
AA metabolism > urea production > uremia.

34
Q

Erythropoietin receptor consists of…

A

single membrane spanning protein with an extracellular hormone binding domain. The cytosolic domain does not have tyrosine-kinase activity.

35
Q

Binding of erythropoietin results in..

A

dimerization of the receptor and the binding of a non-receptor tyrosine-kinase (JAK2)

36
Q

JAK2 bound to receptor does what?

A

phosphorylates/activates STAT5

37
Q

What does JAK2 do?

A

phosphorylates itself as well as the receptor

38
Q

Erythropoietin Receptor Signaling: JAK2/STAT pathway -

A

The activated receptor/tyrosine kinase complex phosphorylates/activates STAT5

39
Q

What does STAT5 do?

A

translocates into the nucleus and activates transcription of genes, prevents apoptosis.

40
Q

Erythropoietin Receptor signaling - MAPK pathway, what does RAS-GTP activate and how?

A

the MAPK pathways by mitogen-activated protein kinase

41
Q

Erythropoietin Receptor signaling - MAPK pathway; what do jun and fos do?

A

translocate into the nucleus and activate the transcription of secondary genes such as cyclin D

42
Q

What is cyclin D necessary for?

A

cell division

43
Q

What is Erythropoietin produced by and how is production stiulated?

A

Produced by the kidney; production stimulated by a reduction of oxygen partial pressure

44
Q

What does EPO increase and how?

A

the number of erythrocytes by stimulated proliferation of erythrocyte progenitor cells in bone marrow.

45
Q

A failing kidney may not be able to produce…

A

a sufficient amount of EPO

46
Q

How are low levels of endogenous EPO treated?

A

giving recombinant human EPO, rhEPO can improve status of animal by boosting oxygen delivery to tissues.

47
Q

Side effects of EPO misuse

A

increase in RBC increases blood velocity and poses risk of embolism

48
Q

Some cell surface receptors are linked to or associated with _____. What are the 3 examples?

A

enzymes; clyclases, kinases, phosphatases

49
Q

What two receptors exhibit intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity with agonist binding?

A

cell growth factor receptors and insulin receptors

50
Q

How is blood volume and pressure regulated? Via what two compounds?
What is the name of the system?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide, via cGMP and dPKG work with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Phys Exam two (13 decks)

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