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Sem 1: MDSA 20240 > Lecture 1: Basics of Microbiology > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Basics of Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Relative to their cell volume, Bacteria have a large …. ….

A

Relative to their cell volume, bacteria have a large SURFACE AREA.

  • A large surface area allows the Bacteria to have:
    1) Faster Metabolic Processes
    2) Quicker Nutrient Diffusion in and out of the cell
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2
Q

True or False: Bacteria’s genome in their Nucleus encodes for some proteins required for entry into the host cell

A

False: Bacteria do not have a nucleus (they are enucleated, small (1-10 microns), single-cell organisms

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3
Q

What are the four potential Bacterial Surface Structures?

A

1) Cell Wall
2) Plasma Membrane
3) Outer Membrane
4) Capsule

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4
Q

Bacteria have a …. name and a ….. name

A

Bacteria have a GENUS name and a SPECIES name (Ex. Heliobacter Pylori)

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5
Q

Describe the Gram (+) Bacteria Cell Envelope

A
  • Thick Cell Wall (outside of the Plasma Membrane) that is made out of peptidoglycan
  • Teichoic Acids and Lipoteichoic acids are within the Peptidoglycan Cell Wall and can interact with the Plasma Membrane
  • Cell-wall Associated Proteins= Recognized by Body’s Immune Response
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6
Q

What are the two sugar derivatives that make up Peptidoglycan?

A

1) N- Acetylglucosamine

2) N- Acetylmuramic Acid

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7
Q

The …. is a polymer of identical subunits that form a linear Glycan Chain of alternating …. ….. that are linked via cross-links between ……

A

The PEPTIDOGLYCAN is a polymer of identical subunits that form a linear Glycan Chain of alternating SUGAR DERIVATIVES that are linked via cross-links between PEPTIDES

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8
Q

What are the two factors that lead to Peptidoglycan Diversity?

A

Although Peptidoglycans are similar in Bacteria….
1) Frequency of the Cross Links between Peptides
2) AAs used to make up the Peptides
leads to their diversity

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9
Q

Is the Peptidoglycan Linear or Helical in Shape?

A

Linear

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10
Q

Describe the Gram (-) Bacteria Cell Envelope

A
  • Composed of Lipopolysaccharides that are made of
    a) Lipid A b) Core Polysaccharide c) O Antigen Side Chain
  • Has thin Cell Wall underneath the Outer Membrane
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11
Q

…. is a major part of the Outer Membrane and can be neurotoxic if Bacteria lyses

A

Lipid A component of Lipopolysaccharides

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12
Q

… connects Lipid A to the O Antigen Side Chain

A

Core Polysaccharide

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13
Q

Which component of the Lipopolysaccharide provides antigenic variation

A

O Antigen Side Chain

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14
Q

The …. …. is between the inner and outer plasma membrane

A

The PERIPLASMIC SPACE is between the inner and outer plasma membrane

  • Allows for quick transport of nutrients into the cell
  • Digestive Enzymes and Transport Proteins located
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15
Q

Where is the Bacteria’s ETC?

A

Cytoplasmic Membrane (Inner Plasma Membrane)

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16
Q

True or False: Teichoic Acids in the Peptidoglycan attach to the Bacterial cell’s Plasma Membrane

A

False: LIPOteichoic Acids in the Peptidoglycan attach to the Bacterial cell’s Plasma Membrane

17
Q

What does the Gram Stain actually stain?

A

The Peptidoglycan of the Bacteria’s Cell Wall

18
Q

Gram (+) Bacteria stain ….. while Gram (-) Bacteria stain ….

A

Gram (+) Bacteria stain PURPLE while Gram (-) Bacteria stain PINK

19
Q

….. is the smallest known genome of a living organism and found in genital/respiratory tracts of primates

A

MYCOPLASMA is the smallest known genome of a living organism and found in genital/respiratory tracts of primates

20
Q

What are three important characteristics of Mycoplasma?

A

1) No Cell Wall
2) Beta-Lactam (ex. Penicillin) Antibiotic Resistance
3) Need Cholesterol from Host

21
Q

The ….. provides motility for the Bacteria and is composed out of the protein …..

A

The FLAGELLUM provides motility for the Bacteria and is composed out of the protein FLAGELLIN

22
Q

The “H8” in E. Coli O157:H8 refers to the ….

A

The “H8” in E. Coli O157: H8 refers to the type of protein in the Flagella

23
Q

What are the three components of the Flagellum?

A

1) Basal Body 2) Hook 3) Filament

24
Q

…. are short, hairlike protrusions that can mediate initial …. for the Bacteria

A

FIMBRIAE/PILLI are short, hairlike protrusions that can mediate initial ATTACHMENT for the Bacteria

25
Q

True or False: Fimbriae help in motility

A

False: Fimbriae DO NOT help in motility

26
Q

The …. is a layer outside the Bacterial Cell Wall, not easily washed off and composed of Polysaccharides
- Allows Bacteria to escape phagocytosis

A

The CAPSULE is a layer outside the Bacterial Cell Wall, not easily washed off and composed of Polysaccharides
- Allows Bacteria to escape phagocytosis

27
Q

…. are dormant structures for Gram … Bacteria that are highly resistant to the …..

A

ENDOSPORES are dormant structures for Gram (+) Bacteria that are highly resistant to the ENVIRONMENT

28
Q

When does Endopsore commence and finish?

A

Commences when there is a lack of nutrients available and finishes when Bacteria are released as the environment is beneficial for growth

29
Q

Two examples of Endospore Gram (+) Bacteria are

A

1) Clostridium= Survives in Anaerobic Environment
(Ex. Botulism, Tetanus, Gas Gangrene)
2) Bacillus (Ex. Anthrax)

30
Q

Describe Bacterial Genetic Material

A
  • One singular double-helix chromosome within the Cytosol of the Bacteria
  • Chromosome supercoils where there are multiple supercoil domains
  • DNA Gyrase unwinds the Bacterial Supercoil at the single site Origin of Replication (ORI)
31
Q

What do Quinolone Compounds target?

A

DNA Gyrase

32
Q

Bacterial mRNA (more/less) stable than Human mRNA

A

Bacterial mRNA is LESS stable than Human mRNA

- Due to lack of a Poly-A Tail

33
Q

A ….. mutation occurs when Purine–> Purine or Pyrimidine–> Pyrimidine

A

A TRANSITION mutation occurs when Purine–> Purine or Pyrimidine–> Pyrimidine

34
Q

A …. mutation occurs when a Purine–> Pyrimidine and vice versa

A

A TRANSVERSION mutation occurs when a Purine–> Pyrimidine and vice versa

35
Q

… are small double-stranded DNA molecules that replicate (independently/dependently) of the Bacterial Nucleiod

A

PLASMIDS are small double-stranded DNA molecules that replicate INDEPENDENTLY of the Bacterial Nucleiod

36
Q

….. is the process in which DNA from dead Bacteria is taken up by an alive Bacteria
- If there is a similar DNA sequence the piece of DNA can be integrated into the Nucleoid of the Bacteria’s genome

A

TRANSFORMATION is the process in which DNA from dead Bacteria is taken up by an alive Bacteria
- If there is a similar DNA sequence the piece of DNA can be integrated into the Nucleoid of the Bacteria’s genome

37
Q

Different …. Content likely means the DNA sequence is from a different Bacteria

A

Different CG Content likely means the DNA sequence is from a different Bacteria

Sem 1: MDSA 20240 (10 decks)

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