Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Analysis of Urine and Other Body Fluids (Laboratory) > Chemical Examination of Urine (Reagent Strips | M) > Flashcards

Chemical Examination of Urine (Reagent Strips | M) Flashcards

1
Q

Where are reagent strips (in UA) used?

A

In routine chemical examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the action of reagent strips?

A

To provide a simple, rapid means for performing medically significant chemical urinalysis of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the tests (or pads) present in the reagent strip?

A

1) pH
2) Glucose
3) Blood
4) Urobilinogen
5) Leukocytes
6) Protein
7) Ketones
8) Bilirubin
9) Nitrite
10) Specific gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the characteristic of reagent strips?

A

It consists of chemical-impregnated absorbent pads attached to a plastic strip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the reaction brought by reagent strips?

A

A color producing chemical rxn takes place when the absorbent pad comes in contact w/ the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is a color producing chemical rxn produced via the use of reagent strips?

A

When the absorbent pad comes in contact w/ the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are the color rxns (from the reagent strip) interpreted?

A

The rxns are interpreted by comparing the color produced on the pad, within the required time frame, w/ the chart supplied by the manufacturer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What should be followed when interpreting the color rxns of reagent strip?

A

These color rxns should be interpreted within the required time frame, w/ the chart supplied by the manufacturer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 2 major types of reagent strips manufacturer?

A

1) Multistix (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Deerfield, IN)

2) Chemstrip (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the form of results (or value) obtained via reagent strip testing?

A

Semi-quantitative results (or value)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How to report results of reagent strips?

A

1) Trace
2) 1+
3) 2+
4) 3+
5) 4+

or

1) +
2) ++
3) +++

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Are SI units also provided by automated reagent strip readers?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the automated device / machine used to analyze the reagent strip?

A

Urine strip analyzer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What sx should be used for reagent strip testing?

A

Well-mixed uncentrifuged urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the process (or steps) of reagent strip technique?

A

1) Dip the rgnt strip briefly into a well-mixed uncentrifuged urine sx at room temp
2) Remove excess urine by touching the edge of the strip to the container as the strip is withdrawn
3) Blot the edge of the strip horizontally on an absorbent medium
4) Wait the specified length of time for rxns to take place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

After dipping the rgnt test strip onto the urine, what should be done?

A

Remove excess urine by touching the edge of the strip to the container as the strip is withdrawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the orientation when blotting dry the rgnt strip to an absorbent medium (after dipping it to the sx)?

A

Blot the edge horizontally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

After dipping the reagent strip and after blotting it dry, should reading of rxns be done promptly?

A

No, MT should wait for the specified time for color rxns to take place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the errors caused by improper technique?

A

1) Formed elements such as red and white blood cells sink to the bottom of the sx and will be undetected in an unmixed sx
2) Allowing the strip to remain in the urine for an extended period may cause leaching of rgnts from the pads
3) Excess urine remaining on the strip after its removal from the sx can produce a run-over bet chemicals on adjacent pads, producing distortion of the colors. (Blot the edge of the strip on absorbent paper horizontally)
4) The timing for rxns to take place should be followed
5) For the best semiquantitative results, the manufacturer’s stated time should be followed
6) Always use a good light source for accurate interpretation of color rxns
7) The strip must be held close to the color chart w/out actually being placed on the chart
8) Automated rgnt strip instruments standardize the color interpretation and timing of the rxn
9) Rgnt strips and color charts from diff manufacturers are not interchangeable
10) Sxs that have been refrigerated must be allowed to return to room temp prior to rgnt strip testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are exs of formed elements that sink to the bottom of the sx?

A

1) RBCs

2) WBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Are formed elements detected in an unmixed sx?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the result if the strip is allowed to remain in the urine for an extended period of time?

A

It may cause leaching of rgnts from the pads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the result if there is presence of excess urine remaining on the strip (after removal from the sx)?

A

It can produce a run-over bet chemicals on adjacent pads, producing distortion of the colors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the timing for rxns for pH?

A

Immediate rxn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the timing for rxns for LE?

A

120 secs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the recommendation of manufacturer’s for the time for reading the results (for optimum rxns; for most? tests)?

A

Manufacturer’s recommend that rxns can be read bet 60 and 120 secs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the recommendation of the manufacturers for the time for optimum rxn of LE?

A

120 secs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is essential for accurate interpretation of color rxns?

A

A good light source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How are the color rxns read?

A

The strip must be held close to the color chart w/out actually being placed on the chart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the action of automated rgnt strip instruments?

A

It standardizes the color interpretation and timing of the rxn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Are rgnt strips and color charts from diff manufacturers interchangeable?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What must be done for refrigerated sxs?

A

It must be allowed to return to room temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Why do refrigerated sxs must be returned to room temp prior to rgnt strip testing?

A

Because the enzymatic rxns on the strips are temp dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Reagent strips must be protected from deterioration caused by what?

A

1) Moisture
2) Volatile chemicals
3) Heat
4) Light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How are rgnt strips (chemstrip?) packaged?

A

These are packaged in opaque containers w/ a dessicant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the purpose of opaque containers of rgnt strips (chemstrip?)

A

To protect them from light

37
Q

What is the purpose of dessicators present in rgnt strips (chemstrip?)

A

To protect them from moisture

38
Q

When should strips be only removed?

A

Just prior to testing

39
Q

What should be done to the bottle of rgnt strips after removal of strips?

A

The bottle should be tightly released immediately

40
Q

What is the temp requirement for storage of rgnt strips?

A

These strips must be stored at room temp below 30 DC

41
Q

Is it okay to use rgnt strips that are past the expiration date? Why or why not?

A

No, because these strips must not be used if they are already past the expiration date

42
Q

True or False.

Touch the chemical pads when removing the strips to have a better grip of it

A

False, because the chemical pads should not be touched when removing the strips

43
Q

When should a visual inspection of the strip be done?

A

Visual inspection should be done each time a strip is used to detect deterioration

44
Q

What should be done to strips (in terms of controls)?

A

These should be checked w/ both (+) and (-) controls

45
Q

When should strips be checked for both (+) and (-) controls?

A

Once every 24 hrs

46
Q

When is QC performed?

A

1) It is also performed when a new bottle of rgnt strips is opened
2) When there are questionable results obtained
3) When there is concern about the integrity of the strips

47
Q

How do all quality control results must be recorded?

A

Following lab protocol

48
Q

True or False.

Distilled water is recommended as a (-) control

A

False, because distilled H2O is not recommended as a (-) control

49
Q

If distilled H2O is recommended as a (-) control, why? If distilled H2O is not recommended as a (-) control, why not?

A

Distilled H2O is not recommended as a (-) control because rgnt strip chemical rxns are designed to perform at ionic concentrations similar to urine

50
Q

What should be done if QC results do not agree with the published (or released values)?

A

Retest QC

51
Q

What is the normal urine pH for random sxs?

A

4.5 - 8.0

52
Q

What is the pH of first morning sx?

A

Slightly acidic (5.0 - 6.0)

53
Q

After meals, what is the more occuring pH of urine?

A

More alkaline pH is found

54
Q

What is the other term for the concept of acquiring alkaline pH after (or following) meals?

A

Alkaline tide

55
Q

The pH of urine must be considered in conjunction w/ what?

A

W/ other pt information

56
Q

What are the other pt information where pH results are conjunct?

A

1) Acid-base content of the blood
2) Pt’s renal function
3) Presence of a UTI
4) The pt’s dietary intake
5) The age of the sx

57
Q

Urinary pH is controlled primarily by what?

A

It is controlled primarily by dietary regulation

58
Q

What diets produce acidic urine?

A

1) Persons on high-protein

2) High-meat diets

59
Q

Who produces alkaline urine?

A

Vegetarians

60
Q

How do vegetarians produce alkaline urine?

A

Due to the formation of bicarbonate following digestion of many fruits and vegetables

61
Q

Some medications may also be used as what?

A

To regulate urine pH

62
Q

What is the meaning (or indication) of pH above 8.5?

A

1) It is associated w/ an improperly preserved sx (fresh sx should be obtained to ensure the validity of the analysis)
2) Contamination of detergents from reusing of containers

63
Q

What are the clinical significances of urine pH?

A

1) It aids in determining the existence of systemic acid-base disorders of metabolic or respiratory origin
2) It aids in the management of urinary conditions that require the urine to be maintained at a sp pH
3) For identification of crystals observed during microscopic examination of the urine sediment

64
Q

Urinary pH is dependent upon by what?

A

The precipitation of inorganic chemicals - urinary crystals and renal calculi

65
Q

Acidic urine is valuable in what?

A

In treating UTIs

66
Q

What is the principle of urinary pH reagent strips?

A

Double-indicator system of methyl red and bromthymol blue

67
Q

What are the 2 indicators for urinary pH in reagent strips?

A

1) Methyl red

2) Bromthymol blue

68
Q

What is the rxn for methyl red?

A

Red to yellow in the pH range of 4 - 6

69
Q

What is the rxn for bromthymol blue?

A

Yellow to blue in the range of 6 - 9

70
Q

What is the sensitivity of Multistix?

A

5.0 - 8.5 in 0.5 increments

71
Q

What is the sensitivity of Chemstrip?

A

5.0 - 9.0 in 1.0 increments

72
Q

When should pH be measured?

A

The pH should always be measured in fresh urine

73
Q

What is the pH value of fresh urine from healthy people?

A

pH varies bet 5 and 7

74
Q

What are the sources of errors for urinary pH in reagent strips?

A

1) No known interfering substances
2) Run-over from adjacent pads
3) Old sxs

75
Q

What are the tests where pH can be correlated?

A

1) Nitrite
2) Leukocyte
3) Microscopic analyses

76
Q

What are the clinical causes of acidic urine?

A

1) Increased protein metabolism (high protein diet)
2) High fever, infections caused by acid producing bacteria (E. coli)
3) Diarrhea
4) Respiratory or metabolic acidosis or ketosis (DM)
5) Starvation and dehydration
6) Medications
7) Cranberry juice

77
Q

What bacteria can cause infection (in acidic urine)?

A

E. coli

78
Q

At what condition does respiratory or metabolic acidosis or ketosis occur?

A

DM

79
Q

What are the medications that can cause acidic urine?

A

1) Methenamine mandelate

2) Fosfomycin tromethamine

80
Q

What are the clinical causes of alkaline urine?

A

1) UTIs
2) Respiratory or metabolic alkalosis
3) Renal tubular acidosis
4) Vegetarian diet
5) Hyperventilation
6) Vomiting
7) Old sx

81
Q

How can UTI cause alkaline urine?

A

Due to urease producing bacteria

82
Q

What is the cause of old sx?

A

Prolonged standing

83
Q

What is the most indicative of renal disease?

A

Urine protein

84
Q

Urine protein consists primarily of what?

A

Primarily low molecular wt protein

85
Q

What is the major serum protein found in normal urine?

A

Albumin

86
Q

What is the concentration of protein that normal urine usually contains?

A

< 10 mg/dL or 100 mg per 24 hrs is excreted

87
Q

What are the other proteins (that can be present in urine)?

A

1) Serum and tubular microglobulins
2) Tamm-Horsfall protein (uromodulin)
3) Proteins from prostatic, seminal, and vaginal secretions

88
Q

Tamm-Horsfall protein (uromodulin) is produced by what?

A

By the renal tubular EC (DCT)

Analysis of Urine and Other Body Fluids (Laboratory) (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions