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Anthropology 1 (Physical) > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fundamental units of life in all organisms?

A

cells

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2
Q

what type of cells on earth began life?

A

sukaroyotic cells

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3
Q

these cells are three dimensional structures composed of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, proteins, and substructures called organelles

A

sukaroyotic cells

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4
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

a part of cell surrounded by cytoplasm, (which breaks down nutrients and converts them to other substances to store energy through protein synthesis), a nucleus contains DNA and RNA

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5
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

produce energy within a cell

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6
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

assist in protein synthesis

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7
Q

what are somatic cells?

A

they are cells composed of body cells

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8
Q

what are gametes?

A

reproductive cells

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9
Q

What are the three most important aspects of DNA code?

A

The code is triplet, the code is continuous ,the code is redundant, the code is universal

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10
Q

What did Crick and watson do?

A

find DNA in 1953

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11
Q

DNA is composed of what?

A

two chains of small units called nucleotides- these are made up of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and one nitrogenous base.

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12
Q

What are the four bases of the double helix in DNA?

A

adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine- this allows for DNA to replicate

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13
Q

DNA replication happens when?

A

When a cell divides and enzymes break the bond between bases through DNA, attraction occurs in a complimentary way (A’s only to T’s etc)

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14
Q

What is the assembly of protein in a cell called?

A

protein synthesis

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15
Q

Where does protein synthesis take place?

A

outside the cell nucleus,

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16
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

regulate chemical reactions

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17
Q

What is RNA also called?

A

messenger DNA

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18
Q

What are the 3 important aspects of RNA?

A
  1. Single Stranded, 2. contains a different type of sugar 3. contains the base uracil as a substitute for the DNA base thymine
19
Q

What are mRNA triplets called?

A

condons

20
Q

What does mRNA do?

A

transfers RNA (tRNA) to the ribosome

21
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

join everything within the cell together

22
Q

What is a gene?

A

a sequence of DNA bases that specifies the order of amino acids in an entire protein, a portion, or any functional product (i.e. RNA). A gene made be made up of hundreds or thousands of DNA bases organized into coding and non-coding segments.

23
Q

Genome

A

the entire genetic makeup of an individual or species

24
Q

how many DNA bases do humans have?

A

3 billion

25
Q

Exons

A

segments of genes that are transcribed and are involved in protein synthesis

26
Q

Introns

A

segments of genes that are initially transcribed and then deleted. Are not involved in protein synthesis

27
Q

Regulatory Genes

A

Genes that influence the activity of other genes

28
Q

Why are regulatory genes important to evolution?

A

direct embryonic development and are involved in many processes throughout life

29
Q

homeobox genes

A

an evoutionarily ancient family of regulatory genes that direct the development of the overall body plan and segmentation of body tissues

30
Q

what are responsible for various physiological differences between closely related species or different breeds of domesticated animals?

A

homeobox genes

31
Q

What does sickle-cell anemia result from?

A

a defective beta chain

32
Q

What is a point mutation?

A

a change in one of the 4 DNA bases

33
Q

Chromosomes

A

consist of DNA and protein, humans have 46, chimps have 48

34
Q

Two types of chromosomes:

A

autosomes- all chromosomes except sex-chromosomes, and sex chromosomes or gametes

35
Q

Locus

A

the position or location on a chromosome where a given gene occurs

36
Q

alternate forms of a gene, occur at the same locus on paired chromosomes and thus govern the same trait

A

alleles

37
Q

karyotype

A

the chromosome of an individual or what is typical of a species, viewed microscopically and displayed in a photograph

38
Q

Mitosis

A

simple cell division, the process by which somatic cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells

39
Q

Meiosis

A

cell division on specialized cells in ovaries and testes, involves two division and results in four daughter cells, these can develop into gametes

40
Q

the exchange of genetic material between paired chromosomes during meiosis “crossing over”

A

Recombination

41
Q

a problem occuring during meiosis where chromosomes in fetal development do not separate

A

nondisjunction

42
Q

Clones

A

organisms that are genetically identical to another organism

43
Q

the chance distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells during meiosis. An important source of genetic variation

A

random assortment

44
Q

PCR

A

polymerase chain reaction-a method of producing thousands of copies of DNA samples for testing, allows for DNA fingerprinting

Anthropology 1 (Physical) (13 decks)

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