TEST 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how many ATP are made in pro during glycolysis

A

38

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2
Q

how many ATP are made in eukaryotes during glycolysis

A

36

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3
Q

where does glycolysis happen in the cell

A

cytoplast

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4
Q

what is a result of glycolysis

A

pyruvic acid

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5
Q

where does the Kreb’s cycle/ citric acid cycle occur in the the cell (pro)

A

cytoplasmic mmb

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6
Q

where does the Kreb’s cycle/ citric acid cycle occur in the the cell (eukaryotes)

A

Mitochondria

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7
Q

how many ATP come out of the kreb’s cycle/Ciytic acid cycle.

A

2 ATP

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8
Q

is O2 needed for the ETS

A

yes

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9
Q

where does the ETS happen in pro cells

A

cytoplasmic mmb

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10
Q

where does the ETS happen in eukaryotes cells

A

Mitochondria

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11
Q

total ATP produced during the ETS (pro)

A

34

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12
Q

total ATP produced during the ETS (eukaryotes )

A

32

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13
Q

is O2 needed for fermentation

A

no

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14
Q

enzyme that removes H+ from pyruvic acid

A

dehydrogenase

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15
Q

what are the gases released during fermentation

A

CO2 and H+

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16
Q

what type of fermentation only produces lactic acid

A

homolactic fermentation

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17
Q

what type of fermentation produces lactic acid and other thing

A

heterolactic fermentation

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18
Q

what is the most important product of fermentation

A

lactic acid

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19
Q

what is composed of glycerol and fatty acid

A

fat

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20
Q

what is the simplest fat

A

triglyceride

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21
Q

true or false: fat breaks down easy

A

false

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22
Q

what does lipase breakdown fat into

A

fatty acid and glycerol

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23
Q

what makes up the cell wall

A

protein

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24
Q

what enzyme removes NH2 and changes it to NH3

A

deaminase

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25
Q

def? bacteria starts to grow

A

purefaction

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26
Q

def? breakdown of organic matter to produce energy

A

catabolism

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27
Q

def? to synthesize, to produce new type of compound

A

anabolism

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28
Q

what is an anabolism intermediate

A

PGal

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29
Q

what is the one enzyme for anabolism

A

lipase

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30
Q

what are the 3 factors that control anabolism and metabolism

A

alternate pathway,
feedback inhibition,
gene regulation

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31
Q

def? controlling metabolism; enzyme and pathway of ana. and cata. are diff

A

alternate pathway

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32
Q

def? involved in time (short or fast)

A

feedback inhibition

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33
Q

def? induction of the gene; mRNA transcribe DNA molecule to rRNA; tRNA brings in aa

A

gene regulation

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34
Q

true or false : gene must be put in right environment for gene transcription

A

true

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35
Q

what kind of growth does bacteria do

A

binary fission

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36
Q

are pro or eu faster at doubling time

A

pro

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37
Q

def? division of the cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

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38
Q

what kind of division do eu cells do

A

mitotic division

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39
Q

higher metabolic activity = ____ generation time

A

shorter

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40
Q

true or false: shorter generation time cause more problems

A

true

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41
Q

what part of the population growth curve doesn’t an organism grow b/c they have to adapt to the environment

A

lag time/adaptation phase

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42
Q

what part of the population growth curve is the gene turned on, they produce enzyme, they start to use food and waste

A

logarithmic phase/log phase

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43
Q

what part of the population growth curve is the gene turned off

A

stationary phase/ silent phase

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44
Q

what is the limiting factor in the stationary phase

A

decrease in pH, O2, food, sample, temp., change the amount of vitamin decrease

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45
Q

what part of the population growth curve is acid produced that causes lysis

A

death phase

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46
Q

generation time formula

A

G= t/3.3 log (b/B)

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47
Q

def? count the # of organisms in the plate or other

A

cell count

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48
Q

what is used to count eukaryote cells

A

hemocytometer

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49
Q

what equipment is used to estimate the # of all cells in a suspension

A

hemocytomter

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50
Q

what is the most reliable/accurate way to count cells in micro

A

colony count

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51
Q

def? count the # of colonies, multiplied by the dilution factor = # of organisms

A

colony count

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52
Q

def? a machine which works with electrode to count cells

A

Coulter counter

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53
Q

can Coulter counter separate living from non-living cells

A

no

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54
Q

def? uses spectrophotometer, make a dilution of microorganism, does not differentiate between dead and living organisms

A

turbidity

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55
Q

def? suspension of organism inside a tube, washed and dried

A

dry mass/cell mass

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56
Q

def? amount of waste material

A

cell activity

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57
Q

what heat do to enzymes

A

denatures

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58
Q

def? amount of salt inside the cell in higher than outside

A

osmotic pressure

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59
Q

what happens to the cell in a hypertonic environment

A

water moves out, shrinks

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60
Q

what happens to the cell in a hypotonic environment

A

water gets inside, enlarge and breaks

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61
Q

what do bacteria have that protect them from lysis

A

cell wall

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62
Q

what kind of organisms grow in the presence of O2

A

strict aerobe

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63
Q

what kind of organism grow more in the presence of O2 (on top)

A

facultative aerobe

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64
Q

what kind of organism grow more in the presence of O2 (on bottom)

A

facultative anaerobe

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65
Q

what kind of radiation are x and gamma rays

A

ionizing radiation

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66
Q

what kind of radiation is more dangerous

A

ionizing radiation

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67
Q

what kind of radiation is UV ray

A

non-ionizing

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68
Q

where does mycobacterium tuberculosis grow

A

lungs

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69
Q

where does neisseria gonrrhea grow

A

genitalia

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70
Q

bacteria that grow not in humans or animals

A

autotrophic

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71
Q

bacteria that grows inside the body of humans/animals

A

heterotroph

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72
Q

def?association between 2 species where 1 depends on the other one for survival

A

symbiotic association

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73
Q

what kind of symbiotic association is between 2 organisms; 1 is harmed but does not affect the other

A

amensalist association

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74
Q

what kind of symbiotic association is where 1 benefit w/o harming the other one; we have it but we don’t know

A

commensalist

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75
Q

what kind of symbiotic association is where both benefit from each other, if 1 is removed , the other cannot survive

A

mutualist

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76
Q

what kind of symbiotic association is an organism benefit while harming the host

A

parasitic association

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77
Q

what kind of parasitism bothers/damages the skin of the people

A

ectoparasitism

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78
Q

what kind of parasitism problem is inside internal organ

A

endoparasitism

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79
Q

what kind of symbiotic association is with commensal or muralist but when the environment change, they become parasitic

A

opportunist association

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80
Q

def? blood poison

A

septicemia

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81
Q

def? presence of bacteria inside the blood

A

bacteremia

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82
Q

def? presence of virus in the blood

A

viremia

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83
Q

def? presence of toxins inside blood

A

toxemia

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84
Q

def? ability of any organism to cause problem

A

pathogenicity

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85
Q

def? the degree of damage the organism cause

A

virulence

86
Q

def? can be done by chem or kill organism or subculture the organism resulting in vaccine

A

Attenuation

87
Q

def? any change in the structure or function of cells

A

disease

88
Q

def? organisms are resident in the body

A

resident flora

89
Q

def? temp; exposed to organism for a short time or long time

A

transient flora

90
Q

def? disease that can be found in the population constantly

A

endemic

91
Q

def? disease that you can see in the population for a certain time

A

epidemic

92
Q

def? disease that can be seen in the population for a short time

A

pandemic

93
Q

def? disease that can be found occasionally.

A

sporadic

94
Q

def? the way of entrance of organism in the body

A

portal way.

95
Q

what happens if the defense mechanism of the body does not work

A

organisms produce colony in the cells

96
Q

what do colonies in a cell do

A

changes functions and structure

97
Q

what are the 3 layers of the integument/skin

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

98
Q

what is the epidermis composed of

A

epithelial cells

99
Q

how many layers of epithelial cells are in the epidermis

A

5-6

100
Q

what is the dermis composed of

A

connective tissue

101
Q

true or false: the dermis does not have a lot of capillaries

A

false

102
Q

what is the hypodermis composed of

A

connective tissue

103
Q

what tissue is under cutaneous, less capillaries, and more fat

A

mucucutaneous tissue

104
Q

In what kind of tissue are epithelial cells and connective tissue

A

cutanous

105
Q

what tissue has hyaluronic acid

A

connective tissue

106
Q

what enzyme dissolves hyaluronic acid

A

hyaluronidase

107
Q

what produces lysosome

A

neutrophil

108
Q

what produces myeloperoxidase

A

macrophages

109
Q

what are the 2 glands in connective tissue

A

sweat glands

sebaceous glands

110
Q

what gland produces sweat and is acidic

A

sweat gland

111
Q

what gland produces fat and the skin and hair are more oily

A

sebaceous gland

112
Q

what bodily fluid do lysosomes come from

A

tears and saliva

113
Q

what is the most common way organisms get into the body

A

respiratory system

114
Q

what is the 1st defense mechanism of the respiratory system

A

hair in nose

115
Q

what is the 2nd defense mechanism of the respiratory system

A

epithelia cells in the trachae

bronchi cilia

116
Q

how big is the large intestine

A

3-5 m

117
Q

def? antiseptic which is released in the digestive system

A

bile

118
Q

what part of the digestive system contains large amounts of E.coli

A

large intestine

119
Q

what produces myeloperxidase

A

phagocyte

120
Q

what part of the digestive system has a lot of lymph nodes/lymphocytes

A

appenidix

121
Q

what do tonsils produce

A

lymphocyte

122
Q

enterobacter aerogines is ___ in the digestive system

A

commensal

123
Q

where does serrate marcescens cause problems

A

oral cavity

124
Q

what does fungi look like

A

separated hyphae

buds a lot of yeast

125
Q

what does fungi cause

A

itching scratching

126
Q

does trichomonad vaginalis grow in basic or acidic conditions

A

acidic

127
Q

what does trichomonad vaginalis cause in female

A

itching, scratching, vaginal discharge, smell

128
Q

what does trichomonad vaginalis cause in males

A

urthral discharge

129
Q

what shape are neisseria gonorrhea

A

diplococci

130
Q

are neisseria gonorrhea gram neg or pos

A

neg

131
Q

how is neisseria gonorrhea transmitted

A

sex

132
Q

what disease does treponema palladium cause

A

syphilis

133
Q

is treponema palladium gram neg or pos

A

pos

134
Q

what shape is treponema palladium

A

spiral

135
Q

what are the symptoms treponema palladium in males

A

lession on top of penis

136
Q

is chlamydia gram neg or pos

A

neg

137
Q

what shape is chlamydia

A

coccobacillus/bacillus

138
Q

does chlamydia have peptidoglycan

A

no

139
Q

how is chlamydia transmitted

A

personal contact or airborne

140
Q

can chlamydia grow in tubes

A

no

141
Q

what drug is used for chlamydia

A

oramycin

142
Q

what is a good media for chlamydia

A

PCI

143
Q

is HIV a DNA or RNA virus

A

rna

144
Q

is herpes simplex a DNA or RNA virus

A

DNA

145
Q

is HPV a DNA or RNA virus

A

DNA

146
Q

what disease causes cervical cancer

A

herpes simplex

HPV

147
Q

what does chlamydia trachomitis cause

A

trachoma in the eye

urethritis

148
Q

what is the most common venereal disease

A

chlamydia trachomitis

149
Q

what does chlamydia pneumonia cause

A

pneumonia

150
Q

where does chlamydia psittacosis originate from

A

parrot

151
Q

how is chlamydia psitti transmitted

A

inhalation or dry particle in the ground

152
Q

what are the symptoms of chlamydia psittaci

A

fever
headache
chills
stress

153
Q

what bacteria is closely related to chlamydia

A

rickettsia

154
Q

what shape is rickettsia

A

spiral shape

coccobacillus

155
Q

is rickettsia gram neg or pos

A

neg

156
Q

true or false: rickettsia has no petidogycan

A

true

157
Q

how is rickettsia transmitted

A

insect

158
Q

what kind of parasite is rickettsia prowazekii, rickettsia typhi, and rickettsia rickettsii

A

obligate intestinal parasite

159
Q

how is rickettsia prowazekii transferred

A

lice

160
Q

Symptoms of rickettsia prowazekii

A

spotted fever on the skin

161
Q

what does rickettsia typhi cause

A

typhus

162
Q

how is rickettsia typhi transferred

A

flea

163
Q

how is rickettsia rickettsii transferred

A

tick

164
Q

what does rickettsia rickettsii cause

A

Rocky Mountain fever

165
Q

what is the defense mechanism of the ear

A

sebum

166
Q

what kind of media do all the ingredients must be known at exactly the same amount

A

chemical defined media

167
Q

what kind of media is used for research not for diagnostics

A

chemical defined media

168
Q

what kind of media can differentiate between gram pos and neg

A

differential media

169
Q

what kind of media can select the type of organism to grow

A

selective media

170
Q

what kind of media can organisms grow faster

A

enriched media

171
Q

what kind of media shows aerobic, anaerobic or facultative

A

anaerobic media

172
Q

what is the most important element need for organisms to grow

A

carbon

173
Q

what is the simplest inorganic compound

A

CO2

174
Q

what is the simplest organism compound

A

methane and formaldehyde

175
Q

____ of the weight of the cell is carbon

A

1/2

176
Q

what makes up 18% of the weight of an organism

A

phosphate, sulfur, nitrogen

177
Q

what elements make up coenzyme

A

calcium, potassium, magnesium

178
Q

def? CHOO enzyme + conenzyme

A

holoenzyme

179
Q

what trace elements are in water

A

zinc, copper, and iodine

180
Q

what is the capsule composed of

A

polysaccharide and polypeptide

181
Q

what is the pathogenic part of the capsule

A

polysaccaride

182
Q

what stops macrophages from attacking a pathogen

A

capsule

183
Q

what will sit on top of the capsule and weaken it so macrophages can attack

A

antibody

184
Q

what component of an organism is important in toxicity

A

cell wall

185
Q

what kind of cell wall causes strep throat/ sore throat

A

beta cell wall

186
Q

what is special about the beta cell wall

A

M protein

187
Q

what do mycobacterium tuberculosis/ smegatis/ leprosy have in the cell wall

A

wax

188
Q

can macrophages get inside a cell wall with wax

A

yes

189
Q

what enzyme is produces by staph and strep

A

leukocydin

190
Q

function of leukocydin

A

break neutrophil

191
Q

function of hemolysin

A

breaks RBC

192
Q

function of strptolysin

A

breaks down RBC

193
Q

function of coagulase

A

blood clots

194
Q

function of enterokinase

A

starts to dissolve fibrin and remove coagulation

195
Q

what enzyme do microorganism that can go to blood via the skin produce

A

hyaluronidase

196
Q

function of collagenase

A

coagulate the collagen fibers

197
Q

what are the 3 fibers in the skin

A

elastic
reticular
collagen

198
Q

true or false: exotoxin is an excretion

A

true

199
Q

are exotoxin gram pos or neg

A

pos

200
Q

what type of exotoxin affects/damage any type of tissue/cell

A

cytotoxin

201
Q

what type of exotoxin damages the nervous system

A

neurotoxin

202
Q

what type of exotoxin damages the digestive system

A

enterotoxin

203
Q

what type of exotoxin does cornebacterium diphtheriae produce

A

diphtheria toxin

204
Q

what type of exotoxin does streptococcus pyogenes produce

A

erythrocytic toxin

205
Q

what type of exotoxin does clostridium botulinum produce

A

botulinum toxin

206
Q

what type of exotoxin does tetani produce

A

tetanus toxin

207
Q

what type of exotoxin does vibrio chlera produce

A

vivrio enterotoxin

208
Q

what type of exotoxin does staph aureus produce

A

staph enterotoxin

209
Q

are endotoxins gram neg or pos

A

neg

210
Q

what is caused by organism especially the bacterial cell wall

A

endotoxin

211
Q

what are the 3 species of staphylococcus

A

staphylococcus aureus
staphylococcus epidermis
staphylococcus

212
Q

def? organism comes from the genital system

A

enterococci