Genetic engineering Flashcards

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1
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Transfer of DNA from one cell to another artificially.

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2
Q

What do we call the organisms produced by genetic engineering?

A

Genetic engineering produces organisms that have been “reprogrammed”. Such organisms are called genetically modified (GM) organisms.

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3
Q

Why are genes inserted into genetically modified organisms?

A

Genetically modified organisms have genes inserted that allow them to make proteins they would not normally make.

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4
Q

In bacterium cells what are the large and small rings of genetic material called?

A

Bacteria have one large chromosome in a ring and smaller rings of genetic material called plasmids.

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5
Q

What are the chromosomes and plasmids in bacteria cells made up of?

A

The chromosome and the plasmids are made up of genes.

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6
Q

What do the genes in bacteria cells do?

A

The genes code for certain proteins e.g. enzymes.

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7
Q

What happens when a useful gene is removed from one organism and inserted into a bacterium’s plasmid?

A

If a useful gene is removed from one organism and inserted into a bacterium’s plasmid, the bacterium will now be able to produce that protein.

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8
Q

Name two pharmaceutical products that genetic engineering has allowed to be produced and their purpose.

A

Insulin-used to treat people with diabetes.

Human growth hormone-used to treat some growth disorders.

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9
Q

What is the first step in the genetic engineering process?

A

Identify section of DNA that contains required gene from source chromosome.

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10
Q

What is the second step in the genetic engineering process?

A

Extract required gene.

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11
Q

What is the third step in the genetic engineering process?

A

Extract plasmid from bacterial cell;

cut open the plasmid

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12
Q

What is the fourth step in the genetic engineering process?

A

Insert required gene into bacterial plasmid.

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13
Q

What is the fifth step in the genetic engineering process?

A

Insert plasmid into (another) host bacterial to produce a genetically modified (GM) organism.

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14
Q

What is the sixth step in genetic engineering process?

A

Genetically modified bacterial cell divides and produces the required product.

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15
Q

What stages in the genetic engineering process require energy?

A

Several stages in this process require energy:
Cutting human DNA to extract the required gene
Cutting open the plasmid
sealing the human gene into the bacterial plasmid.

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