Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is reproduction?

A

Reproduction is the process by which members of a species produce offspring.

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2
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes (sex cells) during a process called fertilisation.

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3
Q

In multicellular animals and plants are body cells diploid or haploid?

A

In multicellular animals and plants, all body cells (except sex cells) are diploid. This means they contain two sets of chromosomes.

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4
Q

Are sex cells haploid or diploid?

A

Sex cells, known as gametes, are haploid. Therefore, each gamete contains only one set of chromosomes.

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5
Q

In humans what is the chromosome complement for each body (non-sex) cell and the chromosome complement for each gamete?

A

In humans the chromosome complement for each body (non-sex) cell is 46 therefore the chromosome complement for each gamete is 23.

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6
Q

Describe the sperm gamete production in males.

A

The sperm gamete is produced in the testis. There are many gametes produced and they are relatively small in size.

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7
Q

Describe the egg gamete production in mammals.

A

The egg gamete is produced in the ovaries. There are few gametes produced and they are relatively big in size.

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8
Q

Where are sperms in males produced?

A

In males, sperm are produced in the testis

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9
Q

How do sperm get to the penis?

A

Sperm travel along the sperm duct to the penis. The sperm travel down the urethra of the penis.

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10
Q

Where are eggs in the females produced?

A

Inside the female, an egg is released from the ovaries.

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11
Q

How do eggs travel along the oviduct?

A

The eggs travel along the oviduct, being wafted along by tiny hairs.

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12
Q

How does fertilisation occur?

A

When inserted into the vagina of the female, the penis releases sperm. Sperm swim up through the uterus into the oviduct. If the sperm meets the egg here then fertilisation may occur. During fertilisation the haploid male gamete nucleus and the haploid female gamete nucleus must fuse.

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13
Q

Is the fertilised egg diploid or haploid?

A

The fertilised egg that is formed is diploid (has two sets of chromosomes).

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14
Q

What is the fertilised egg called?

A

The cell is called a zygote.

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15
Q

What does the zygote contain?

A

The fertilised egg that is formed (zygote) contains genetic information from both parents.

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16
Q

How many sperm can fertilise the egg?

A

Only one sperm fertilises the egg.

17
Q

Where does fertilisation occur in mammals?

A

In mammals, fertilisation takes place in the oviduct.

18
Q

How is an embryo formed?

A

During its journey from the oviduct to the uterus, the fertilised egg (zygote) divides by the process of mitosis to form a small ball of cells called an embryo.

19
Q

Where does the embryo develop until birth?

A

The embryo will attach and become embedded in the uterus lining. This is where the embryo will develop over the next 9 months until birth.

20
Q

By which process do flowering plants reproduce?

A

Flowering plants also reproduce by sexual reproduction.

21
Q

Describe gamete production in plants that are female.

A

The female plant gamete is called an ovule and it is produced in the ovary.

22
Q

Describe gamete production in plants that are male.

A

The male plant gamete is called pollen and is produced in the anther.

23
Q

What is the definition of pollination?

A

Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma.

24
Q

How does pollination occur?

A

The transfer may occur due to wind or insects.

25
Q

Where does pollen grain get its energy from and why?

A

Once the pollen grain has landed on a stigma it uses sugar as an energy source to form a pollen tube that grows down through the style.

26
Q

How does the pollen grain come into contact with the female gamete?

A

The pollen grain’s nucleus divides into two male gametes in the region behind the tip. When the tip of the tube reaches an ovule, it enters through a tiny hole and comes into contact with a tiny sac containing the female gamete.

27
Q

How do gametes enter the sac containing the female gamete?

A

The top of the pollen tube bursts and 2 haploid gametes enter the sac.

28
Q

How is a diploid zygote in plants formed?

A

one male gamete fuses with the haploid egg to form a diploid zygote ( the other fuses with a second nucleus in the ovule sac to form a cell that becomes the food store in the seed).

29
Q

What happens to the fertilised egg? (plants)

A

The fertilised egg becomes a seed.

30
Q

What happens to the ovary wall? (plant)

A

The ovary wall becomes a fruit.

31
Q

Why has fertilisation of plants evolved?

A

These have evolved for the dispersal of seeds.