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Movement and Control > CNS Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

CNS Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Divide up by molecular structure for neurotransmitter

What are the categories of neurotransmitter

A

Amino acid neurotransmitter - amino group and carboxylic acid group
Peptide neurotransmitters - polymers or chains of amino acids
Monoamine neurotransmitters / biogenic amines - organic molecules with amino groups corrected to aeromatic group - these are connected by 2 carbon chain some are also called catecholamines (subgroup) these have a catcehol group as have benzene ring and hydroxyl group
Many other types of neurotransmitters

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2
Q

Examples of aa neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate , Gamma anime neutering acid GABA , and glycine

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3
Q

Glutamate

A

Most exciting causing depolarisation

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4
Q

Most common inhibitory neurtanimitor causing hyperpolarisiton

A

GABA - in brain inhibitory

Glycine - in the spinal cord inhibitory

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5
Q

Example of monoamines

A 
Serotonin 
Histamine 
Dopamine 
Epinephrine 
Norepinephrine
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6
Q

3 catecholamines

A

Dopamine

Epjnephiner and norepinephrine

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7
Q

What do monoamines do

A

Control attention , cognition and emotion

Many autoimmune conditions arise from these
NA - autonomic

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8
Q

Example of peptides

A

Opioid - endorphin - perception of pain

Pain medications affect these

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9
Q

Other neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine - function in both CNS and peripheral in ANS and released by motor neurones that synapse on skeletal muscles

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10
Q

criteria for accepting a substance as atransmitter

A
  1. synthesized in the neuron,
  2. released in sufficient quantity to elicit a response
  3. Mechanisms for removal or inactivation of the neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft must exist
  4. It should mimic the action of the endogenously released neurotransmitter when administered exogenously at or near a synapse.
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11
Q

examples of excitatory aa neurotransmitters

A

glutamate and aspartate

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12
Q

examples of inhibitory aa neurotransmitters

A

GABA and glycine

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13
Q

example of biogenic amines neurotransmitters

A

catecholamines - the 3
indoleamines - serotonin
imidazole amines - histamine

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14
Q

example of purines

A

ATP

adenosine

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15
Q

opioid peptides are neuropeptides examples

A

b-endorphin

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16
Q

example of a gaseous neurotransmitter

A

NO

17
Q

small molecule neurotransmitter start are RER then synthetic enzymes to golgi and axonal transport to neurotransmitter along with precursor formed from last neurotransmitter enters vesicle and exocytosis and calcium influx
what happens for neuropeptides

A

RER- propertied and enzymes containing vesicles - golgi - axonal transport via microtubules - cleavage and propeptide to smaller peptide neurotransmitter and excytosis

18
Q

neurotransmitters receptors are either what

A

ionotrophic - ligand - charged ions either positively or negatively charged move in or out of cell

metabotrophic - G protein coupled
these activate other itnraceullar signalling cascades
activate ion channels

19
Q

glutamate is an excitatory transmitter and uses both receptors ( NMDA, AMPA and mGluRs) how is it cleared and what is its physiological effect

A

memory formation
glutamate synthesis reuptake and diffusion
via glial cells

20
Q

serotonin is either excitatory or inhibitory and uses GPCR what receptor, what physiological effect and clearance

A

5-HT

mood regulaiton

reuptake in pre synaptic by SERT and diffusion

21
Q

GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter except in early development. is receptors are GABAa ( ionotrophic) and GABAb ( metabotrophic ) what physiological effect and clearance

A

decreased CNS activity

glutamien synthase reuptake

22
Q

ACH uses nicotinic and muscarinic receptors and is predominantly excitatory what is its physiological role and clearance

A

memory formation

ACHE breakdown - choline and acetate , choline and sodium transporter goes back in
glial cell takes the acetate

23
Q

dopamine has receptors D1-5 and GPCRs it is excitatory and inhibitory depending on receptor and brain location what is its clearance and physiological effect

A

reward pathways, motivation

liver into MAO/COMT catalyse breakdown of catecholamines

MAO/COMT reuptake and diffusion

24
Q

case 1 - your brother has been suffering from epileptic seizures. Neurologist has suggested his brain is overexcited and he has been prescribed th anticonvulsant sodium valproate. Explain how a brain can be excited and how sodium valproate stops this

A

reduces neuronal excitability by inhibiting voltage gated sodium channels but also by increasing availability of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA

25
Q

case 2 - nicotine can help prevent alzeihemers. neighbours mum said galantine. described the differences and commonalities of the action of nicotine versus galantine in the brain

A

Galantine is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor it therefore prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine, meaning that acetylcholine is present for longer in the synaptic cleft

Nicotine is a direct agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and therefore activates these synaptic receptors. It therefore does not require presynaptic activity to exert an effect on synaptic transmission

26
Q

case 3 - housemate says feeling low for long time and sleep disturbances. which commonly prescribed drug might help to alleviate these symptoms and explain how they work in brain

A

MAOIs-prevent the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin, thus increasing their availability

SSRIs-prevent the clearance of serotonin from the synaptic cleft by reuptake

Both dopamine and serotonin are implicated in reward signalling and moo

27
Q

Activation of which of the following receptors by glutamate causes immediate activation of the post-synaptic neurone?

A

AMPA receptors mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission in the CNS via glutamate- sodium and potassium channel

NMDA is voltage calcium

28
Q

Glutamate is also used in the synthesis of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. The enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is responsible for this conversion step. Loss of GAD can result in

A

stiff person syndrome.

29
Q

what is stiff person syndrome

A

Neurological disorder involving auto-antibodies against GAD

Loss of GAD results in lower levels of the GABA

30
Q

symptoms of stiff person syndrome and what do patients normally develop

A

Symptoms and signs include muscle stiffness and spasms

Patients may also develop diabetes mellitus due to GAD being present in the pancreas

31
Q

drug induced lupus presents with what autoantibodies

A

anti-histone antibodies

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