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Pathophysiology > Exam 2: Pain > Flashcards

Exam 2: Pain Flashcards

1
Q

What is pain?

A

a unpleasant multidimensional experience; sensory/emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissues damage

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2
Q

What factors can influence the actual pain reaction?

A
  • anxiety
  • culture
  • past experiences
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3
Q

What is the #1 cause of longterm disability in America?

A

chronic pain

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4
Q

Who is chronic pain syndrome more common in?

A

women

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5
Q

5% of women between ages 18-65 experience headache:

A

15 or more days per month over the course of a year

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6
Q

__________ provides the CNS with info related to deep and superficial body structures

A

Somatosensory System

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7
Q

Somatosensory System information includes:

A
  • temperature
  • touch/pressure
  • body position
  • pain
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8
Q

What are the 3 different nerve fibers?

A
  • A fibers
  • B fibers
  • C fibers
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9
Q

These fibers are:
▪ Myelinated, and has the fastest rate of conduction

▪ Conduct, pressure, hot/cold, touch information
▪ RELAY ACUTE PAIN

A

A fibers

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10
Q

How does A fiber pain feel?

A

well localized, sharp, stinging, pricking pain

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11
Q

These fibers are:
▪ Myelinated

▪ Transmit information from cutaneous and sub q receptors

A

B fibers

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12
Q

These fibers are:
▪ Unmyelinated

▪ Smallest diameter = slowest conduction
▪ Conduct warm/hot, mechanical & chemical sensation, and heat/cold induced pain
▪ RELAY CHRONIC PAIN

A

C fibers

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13
Q

How does C fiber pain feel?

A

diffusing pain that is dull, burning, and aching

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14
Q

There are 3 levels of neurons, the first order does what?

A

Detect sensation and transmit sensory info from periphery to the CNS (spinal cord)

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15
Q

There are 3 levels of neurons, the second order does what?

A

▪ Communicates with reflex responses and sensory pathways in the spinal cord and
travels directly to the brain

▪ The impulses travel from spinal cord to the brain
□ Into the thalamus & cerebellum

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16
Q

There are 3 levels of neurons, the third order does what?

A

▪ Relay from thalamus brain to the sensory cerebral cortex
▪ Sensation is process and…..

▪ Results in the feeling/interpretation of pain

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17
Q

Pain impulses go from the:

A

periphery > to the spinal cord > to the brain

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18
Q

Both parallel pathways carry info from the spinal cord to the thalamic region in the
brain, taking different routes but all ending up at the:

A

thalamus

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19
Q

This pathway is used for rapid transmission of sensory info and consists of large, myelinated fibers

A

Discriminative Pathways

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20
Q

This ascending pathway conveys pain, temperature & crude sense of touch

A

Anterolateral Pathways

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21
Q

Damage to the anterolateral pathway results in:

A

difficulty sensing pain &

temperature

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22
Q

This anterolateral pathways results in rapid transmission of sensory sensation using myelinated type A fibers to the thalamus

A

Neospinothalamic Tract

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23
Q

The neospinothalamic tracts pain is characterized as ________ and allows the patient to do what?

A

sharp, fast pain; locate & identify of the pain

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24
Q

This anterolateral pathways results in slow pain through unmyelinated type c fibers to the thalamus

A

Paleospinothalamic Tract

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25
Q

The paleospinothalamic tract is concerned with what kind of pain?

A

diffusing/dull-aching unpleasant sensations

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26
Q

The paleospinothalamic tract is commonly associated with what types of pain?

A

chronic pain & visceral pain

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27
Q

The paleospinothalamic tract activates part of the:

A

sleep/wake cycles (Reticular Activating System)

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28
Q

What is the purpose of pain?

A

it is an alarm system that warns of impending tissue injury, and forces the person to go seek help to fix the injury/pain

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29
Q

This theory regards pain as a separate sense and is evoked by the activity of receptors (nociceptors) that transmit special sense to pain centers
in the CNS where the pain is interpreted

A

specificity theory

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30
Q

In this theory pain signals are sent to the brain when stimuli come together in a specific pattern

A

Pattern Theory

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31
Q

In the pain theory, light touch is sensed as ______ whereas intense pressure is sensed as _______

A

touch; pain

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32
Q

In this theory pain impulses are felt when the gate (threshold) is opened at the spinal cord, in response
to an excess of nociceptive impulses and the gate is closed with interventions of nonpharm controls (pain isn’t felt)

A

Gate Control Theory

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33
Q

The Gate Control Theory can be hindered by _______ or increased by _______

A

stress; exercise

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34
Q

What is pain threshold?

A

the amount of stimulus required to elicit a pain response and the nociceptive stimulus is perceived as painful

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35
Q

In this theory the brain contains widely distributed neural network (thalamus, limbic system, somatosensory), which interpret multiple sensory inputs

A

Neuromatrix theory

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36
Q

This neuromatrix theory phenomenon occurs when pain is felt even when it is not there:

A

PHANTOM LIMB PAIN

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37
Q

Describe A fibers:

A

○ Large, myelinated, Fast, sharp pain
○ Release of glutamate at the synapse with the spinal neurons

○ ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE PAIN

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38
Q

Describe C fibers:

A

○ Small, nonmyelinated = chronic, slow pain

○ Release glutamate and substance P

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39
Q

This pain is initiated by nociceptors in peripheral tissues when there is damage

A

Nociceptive Pain

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40
Q

This pain is direct injury or dysfunction of the sensory axons or peripheral/central nerves

A

Neuropathic Pain

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41
Q

What is pain tolerance?

A

Maximum intensity/duration of pain that a person is willing to endure before seeking
intervention

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42
Q

What are the different types of pain?

A
  • cutaneous
  • deep somatic
  • visceral
  • referred
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43
Q

This pain is easily localized, sharp in nature with burning qualities and occurs in the skin or subcutaneous tissues

A

cutaneous pain

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44
Q

This pain is more diffusing and radiating, occurring in the bones, muscles, tendons and joints

A

deep somatic pain

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45
Q

This pain is one of the most common pains from disease and occurs in the visceral organs

A

visceral pain

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46
Q

This pain originates in another place then diffuses to another place where it is perceived

A

referred pain

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47
Q

This pain is short-lived, and is resolved when the underlying cause is resolved (“self-limiting”)

A

acute pain

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48
Q

What is acute pain initiated by?

A

trauma, injury, surgery by activation of nociceptors

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49
Q

Initial injury causes ________, and then a secondary wave of intense acute pain results from ____________

A

nociceptive firing (hyperalgesia); secondary responses (inflammation, edema, etc.) –> can turn into chronic pain if not treated

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50
Q

Treating acute pain before it gets worse increases comfort for the patient and prevents:

A

hypersensitivity of pain centers in the periphery and CNS (also requires less drugs if treated early)

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51
Q

This pain serves no purpose and lasts longer than what is reasonably expected and is sustained by factors that are remote from the initial cause of the pain

A

chronic pain

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52
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic pain?

A

cancer

53
Q

Chronic pain can be:

A
  • unrelenting extreme pain (metastatic bone pain)

- continuous w/ periods of escalation (back pain)

54
Q

What type of stress does chronic pain lead to?

A
  • psychological
  • physiological
  • familial
  • economical stress
55
Q

What are the different levels of chronic pain sensations?

A

▪ Peripheral (Peripheral Sensitization)
▪ Peripheral (central)
▪ Central

56
Q

This chronic pain sensation causes persistent stimulation of the peripheral nociceptors
and an inflammatory response increases the sensitivity of the C-Fibers

A

Peripheral (Peripheral Sensitization)

57
Q

This chronic pain sensation causes abnormal function of the peripheral and central systems resulting from destruction of descending-inhibitory pathways (endogenous opioids) and the hyperexcitability/continuous firing of new nociceptors (phantom limb pain)

A

Peripheral (central)

58
Q

This chronic pain sensation is due to a disease, injury, lesion of the CNS (MS)

A

Central

59
Q

What factors does management of chronic pain depend on?

A

□ Cause of the pain
□ Underlying health problem
□ Life expectancy of the individual

60
Q

Who is apart of the multidisciplinary team that manages pain?

A
  • Anesthesiology, physicians, nurses, PT, surgeons, case management, etc.
61
Q

What does the somatosensory unit consist of?

A
  • cell body of the dorsal root
  • ganglion neuron
  • peripheral branch
  • central axon
62
Q

What does a neurometer test?

A

involvement of specific nerve fibers, allowing for a more comprehensive assessment of sensory function

63
Q

Which level of neuron carries sensory information to the thalamus

A

second order

64
Q

This mood tract is associated with mood altering emotions and attention narrowing effect of pain and can impact hypothalamic functions (HR and BP):

A

paleospinothalamic tract

65
Q

What are dermatome maps for sensory impulses used for?

A

to find areas and determine level of nerve injury

66
Q

________ is continued stimulus that is causing the pain

A

Hyperpathia

67
Q

_______ is spontaneous, unpleasant sensation

A

Paresthesias

68
Q

________ is distorted/abnormal sensations

A

Dysesthesia

69
Q

________ is reduced pain sensation (nociceptors decrease along pain pathway)

A

Hypalgesia

70
Q

_______ is absence of pain

A

Analgesia

71
Q

_______ is pain after non-noxious stimulus

A

Allodynia

72
Q

Hyperpathia is what kind of reaction?

A

Hypersensitive Reaction

73
Q

How does paresthesia pain feel?

A

tingling/burning sensation of pins/needles

74
Q

An example of dysesthesia would be the:

A

Dysfunction in the sense of touch such as in diabetic neuropathy where they can’t feel sensations and can’t feel pain

75
Q

Where is dysesthesia most common on the body?

A
  • skin
  • scalp
  • mouth
76
Q

How does allodynia pain feel?

A

When a normal/non-painful stimulus causes stabbing/burning/sharp pain

77
Q

Who suffers from allodynia pain?

A
  • fibromyalgia

- neuropathies

78
Q

What opioid/CNS depressant is used to relieve the sensation of pain and serves as an analgesic

A

morphine

79
Q

What is meant by “wind-up”

A

an increase in pain over time

80
Q

Describe the process of neurogenic inflammation

A
  1. tissue damage occurs
    - inflammation of neurological tissue results in the release of inflammatory mediators (substance P)
  2. once released, these Neuropeptides cause the release of Histamine from the Mast Cells (resulting in a inflammatory response)
  3. an inflammatory response occurs (redness, swelling, heat, tenderness, pain)
  4. this results in increase of substance P which starts the process over again (Ex: Migraine- Trigeminal Nerve stimulation results in inflammation… inflammation causes the severe pain)
81
Q

What medication reduces the release of histamines

A

Antihistamines

82
Q

What are the steps of neurogenic inflammation?

A

tissue damage > inflammatory mediators > stimulate nociceptors > impulses run up C fibers > dorsal nerve root reflex > inflammatory mediators move back down and are released into tissues > stimulation of nociceptors occur again

83
Q

Nociceptive pain includes both:

A

somatic and visceral pain

84
Q

Somatic pain contains both:

A

cutaneous and deep somatic pain

85
Q

What are the causes of neuropathic pain?

A
  • Pressure on the nerves (tumors)
  • Physical/chemical injury to neuron
  • Infxn of neuron
  • Ischemia (lack of O2 in the tissues)
  • Inflammation
86
Q

Where does neuropathic pain originate?

A

from peripheral nerve injury or in diseases (includes widespread, unexplainable pain)

87
Q

What are some examples of neuropathic pain conditions?

A

○ Trigeminal neuralgia
○ Postherpetic neuralgia
○ Phantom limb pain

88
Q

What is phantom limb pain?

A

▪ Neuropathic pain following amputation of a body part and occurring soon after surgery (70% of amputees experience phantom limb pain)

89
Q

How does phantom limb pain feel and how long does it last?

A

▪ Begins as tingling, cramping, shooting pain

- can go away, or continue to chronic pain

90
Q

What gets trapped in scar tissue during phantom limb pain?

A

regenerating nerves

91
Q

Where does referred pain for the heart occur?

A
  • left jaw
  • left side of chest
  • left arm
92
Q

Where does referred pain for the liver occur?

A
  • right shoulders/clavicle
93
Q

Where does referred pain for the gallbladder occur?

A
  • upper right or mid abdomen

- upper right arm

94
Q

How do you treat phantom limb pain?

A
  • TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation battery operated device used for pain. Electrodes are attached to the affected area and delivers small electrical impulses flooding the nervous system reducing pain signals to the brain –> produces endorphins)
  • hypnosis
  • relaxation training
  • sympathetic blocks
95
Q

What can headaches be an indicator of?

A
  • meningitis
  • brain tumors
  • cerebral aneurysm
  • post-trauma
  • traumatic brain injury
96
Q

Where is a TMJ headache located?

A

at temples, ahead of ears

97
Q

Where is a sinus headache located?

A

at cheekbones above the eyes

98
Q

Where is a cluster headache located?

A

around one eye

99
Q

Where is a tension headache located?

A

squeezing around crown of head

100
Q

Where is a neck headache located?

A

in back of head, top of neck

101
Q

How does a migrane headache feel?

A

throbbing pain, nausea, vision changes, sensory sensitivity

102
Q

When does pain begin and at what age can children remember and report pain?

A

neonatal period; 3 years old

103
Q

How can you assess a child for pain?

A

using a numeric and picture scale

104
Q

What physiological responses help to determine if a child is in pain?

A

▪ Crying
▪ Lack of playing
▪ Lack of eating

105
Q

Does pain increase with age?

A

Yes

106
Q

Unrelieved pain in older adults can:

A
  • affect cognitive, emotion, and functional ability

- decrease QOL (appetite, decreased sleep quality)

107
Q

When treating older adults for pain, which method should be used FIRST and why?

A

nonpharmacologic methods; because drug metabolism is impaired in adults

108
Q

During an assessment for pain, what should you aim to do?

A

eliminate the cause of pain instead of treating the sxs

109
Q

What are some examples of nonpharmacological interventions?

A 
○ Cognitive behavioral interventions (relaxation)
○ Biofeedback
○ Distraction
○ Heat/cold therapy
○ TENS- electrical stimulation (STEM)
110
Q

What are some examples of pharmacological interventions?

A

use of narcotic & nonnarcotic analgesics to manage pain

111
Q

What do adjuvants do?

A

increase the effectiveness of other analgesics

112
Q

Analgesics eliminate pain w/o effecting LOC but they do NOT:

A

cure the underlying cause ( USE ANALGESICS ONLY WHEN THEY ARE NEEDED TO PREVENT DEPENDENCY OR ADDICTION)

113
Q

Examples of non-narcotic analgesics include?

A

▪ Aspirin & NSAID’s

▪ Acetaminophen

114
Q

Aspirin & NSAID’s have what kind of effects? And what do they block?

A

antipyretic & anti-inflammatory effects that work by inhibiting the COX-enzymes

115
Q

Acetaminophens are:

A

equal to NSAID’s WITHOUT an anti-inflammatory effect (only fever is reduced and pain is helped)

116
Q

Examples of opioid analgesics include:

A

▪ Morphine & Codeine (Group of meds w/ Narcotic effects )

117
Q

What does morphine & codeine work on in the CNS and what does it result in?

A

on the opioid receptors in the CNS; Provides analgesia, BUT also DEPRESSES THE RESPIRATORY EFFORT

118
Q

What should you do before and after administration of opiods?

A

assess the pt respirations before and after administration

119
Q

What is a side effect of opioids?

A

constipation due to decreased GIT motility

120
Q

What type of pain does opioids treat?

A

acute and chronic

121
Q

How/when should you give opioids?

A

Increase the analgesic effects if you give routinely & preemptively before pain gets too severe

122
Q

What are the opioid receptors and where are they found?

A

Mu, delta and kappa; on the peripheral processes of primary afferent neurons and other CNS regions

123
Q

Endogenous sources of analgesia include:

A
  • enkephalins
  • endorphins
  • dynorphins
124
Q

What receptor does morphine attach to?

A

Mu receptors

125
Q

What functions as neurotransmitters and works to control pain?

A

Opioid peptides

126
Q

Where are opioid receptors highly concentrated and what are they stimulated by?

A

in the gray area of the midbrain; stimulated by the PAG matter of the midbrain producing analgesia (analgesia system)

127
Q

Your patient has been given morphine following major abdominal surgery. What effect will the morphine have?

A

analgesia

128
Q

What OTC medication can cause liver and kidney failure?

A

Tylenol

129
Q

How many americans die everyday from opioid overdose?

A

130

Pathophysiology (10 decks)

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