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Anthropology > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

1
Q

Stratigraphy

A
  • The study of the sequential laying of deposits
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2
Q

Taphonomy

A
  • The study of how mines and other materials came to be buried in the earth and preserved as fossils
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3
Q

Taphonomist

A
  • Studies the processes of sedimentation, the action of streams, preservation properties of bone, and carnivore disturbance factors
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4
Q

Features

A
  • Products of human activity that cannot be removed from the archaeological record as a single items
  • Pits
  • Post-molds
  • Hearths
  • House floors
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5
Q

Artifacts

A
  • Are tangible objects; anything made or modified by people in the past
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6
Q

Eco-facts

A
  • Natural materials used to reconstruct the local environment of a site
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7
Q

Ethnoarchaeology

A
  • An approach used by archaeologist to gain insight into the past by studying contemporary people
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8
Q

Experimental Archaeology

A
  • Research that attempts to replicate ancient technologies and construction procedures to test hypothesis about past activities
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9
Q

Cultural Resource Management (CRM)

A
  • Part of legally mandated efforts to conserve the records of the past for future generations under the threat of encroaching development and construction
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10
Q

Sahelanthropus

A
  • Small brain-case, vertical face, huge brow ridge, hominin status questioned
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11
Q

Ardipithecus

A
  • Pelvis shows derived characteristics, divergent big toe, woodland environment
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12
Q

Australopithecus Afrarensis

A
  • Come from sites in Hadar (in Ethiopia) and Laetole (in tanzania)
  • More primitive (less evolved) than any other later australopith
  • Share more primitive features with late Miocene apes
  • Earliest well-documented biped; possible ancestor of
    all later hominins
  • 3.6 -3.0 mya
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13
Q

Australopithecus Africanus

A
  • Small-brained, with an adult cranial capacity of about 440 cm cubed
  • Well adapted bipeds
  • Lived approx. between 3 and 2 mya
  • Quite derived; likely evolutionary dead end
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14
Q

Homo habilis

A
  • Significantly larger brain than in australopiths,
  • Estimated average cranial capacity 631 cm cubed (increased cranial size of 20% over australopiths)
  • Also called “early homo”
  • Had different cranial shape and tooth proportions from austrolpiths
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15
Q

Homo Erectus

A
  • The first hominin to expand into new regions of the old world
  • As a species, H. Erectus existed over 1 million years
  • We can understand its success as a hominid species based on behavioral capacities (i.e more elaborate tool use) and physical changes (i.e larger)
  • Discoveries from East Africa have established Homo Erectus by 1.7 mya
  • Some researchers see anatomical differences between the African and Asian discoveries
    = They place African fossils into the /Homo dragster/ represents closely related species and possibly geographical varieties of a single species
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16
Q

Homo Heidelbergensis

A
  • Paleospecies name for group that likely gave rise to Homo sapiens and Neanderthals
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17
Q

Homo Sapiens Idaltu

A
  • Near modern homo sapiens, on the verge of modernity but not quite there
  • Idaltu means elder
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18
Q

Bipedal Locomotion

A
  • Walking on two feet. Walking on two legs is the single most distinctive feature of the hominins
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19
Q

Mosaic Evolution

A
  • A pattern of evolution in which the rate of evolution in one functional system varies from that in other systems
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20
Q

Difference between Neanderthals and Homo Sapiens

A

Neanderthals:
• Flake told not specialized
• No distance hunting weapons
• Use of non-stone tool
• Stone materials transported over relatively short distances
• Artwork uncommon
• Deliberate burial is seen but with few artifacts

Homo Sapiens:
• More varieties of stone tools
• use of spear-thrower and bow and arrow
• use of bone, antler, ivory and more specialized tools
• stone materials transported over longer distance
• artwork much more common, including transportable items
• burials more complex, including tools and animal remains

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21
Q

Glaciations

A
  • Climatic intervals when continental ice sheets cover much of the northern continents
  • Glaciations are associated with colder temperatures in norther latitudes and more arid conditions in southern latitudes, most notably in Africa
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22
Q

Interglacials

A
  • Climatic intervals when continental ice sheets are retreating, eventually becoming much reduced in size
  • Interglacials in northern latitudes are associated with warmer temperatures, while in southern latitudes the climate became wetter
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23
Q

Upper Paleolithic

A
  • A cultural period usually associates with modern humans, but also found with some Neanderthals, and distinguished by technological innovation in various stone tool industries
  • Best know from Western Europe, similar industries are also known from central and Eastern Europe and Africa
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24
Q

Models of Human Origins

A
  • Regional Continuity: Multiregional Evolution
  • Replacement
    = Complete
    = Partial
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25
Q

Regional Continuity

A
  • Associated with paleoanthropologist Milford Wolpoff of the University of Michigan
  • Populations, connected by gene flow, in Europe, Asia, and Africa continued evolutionary development from archaic H. Sapiens to anatomically modern humans
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26
Q

Complete Replacement

A
  • Developed by British paleoanthropologist Christopher Stringer and Peter Andrews
  • Proposes anatomically modern populations are in Africa in the last 200,000 years
  • They migrated from Africa, completely replacing premodern populations in Europe and Asia
  • Does not account for the transition from premodern forms to H. Sapiens anywhere except Africa
27
Q

Partial Replacement

A
  • Our perspectives suggest that modern humans originated in Africa and then, when their population increased, expanded out of Africa into other area of the Old World
  • This model claims that interbreeding occurred between emigrating Africans and resident premodern populations
28
Q

Atlatl

A
  • Spear thrower
29
Q

Archaic

A
  • New World region
30
Q

Mesolithic

A
  • Europe region
31
Q

Epipaleolithic

A
  • Near East region
32
Q

Holocene

A
  • The geological epoch during which we now live

- The Holocene follows the Pleistocene epoch and began roughly 11,000-10,000 years ago

33
Q

Pleistocene

A
  • The epoch of the Cenozoic from 1.8 mya until 10,000 ya.
  • The Pleistocene, often called the Ice Age, was marked by advances and retreats of massive continental glaciations
    = At least 15 major and 50 minor glacial advances have been documented in Europe
    = Hominins were impacted as the climate, flora, and animals life shifted
34
Q

Anthropocene

A
  • The geological epoch during which human behavior became one of the earth’s major geomorphological and geological processes
35
Q

New World Migration Theories

A
  • Bering land bridge
  • Pacific rim coastal route
  • North Atlantic ice edge route
- Depends on multiple types of evidence:
	= Geographical
        = Biological
	= Cultural 
	= Linguistic
36
Q

Bering Land Bridge

A
  • Beringia – The dry land connections between Asia and America
    = Up to 1,300 miles wide north to south during the last glacial maximum (28,000-15,000 years ago)
37
Q

Pacific Coastal Rim

A
  • Humans had watercraft and early as 40,000 years ago
38
Q

North Atlantic Ice-Edge

A
  • Clovis — a period in North American prehistory in which short-fluted projectile points were used in hunting large mammals
  • Clovis - solutrean connection
  • Chronological and technological gap
39
Q

Beringia

A
  • Siberian Yana RHS site 30,000 years old

- Bering passage was dry land 25,000-11,000 years ago

40
Q

Sedentism

A
  • Residing in a single location for most or all of the year
41
Q

Domesticated Animals of the New/Old World

A
  • NEW
    • Llama
    • Alpaca
    • Guinea pig
    • Muscovy duck
    • Turkey
    • Dog
  • OLD
    • Sheep
    • Goats
    • Pigs
    • Cattle
    • Horses
    • Water Buffalo
    • Camels
    • Reindeer
    • Dog
42
Q

Domesticated Plants of the New/Old World

A 
NEW
   =Staple Foods
        - Maize (corn)
        - Bean
        - Squash
        - Potato
        - Yam
        - Manioc
        - Peanut
        - Sunflower
        - Quinoa

=Other foods

    - Pepper
- Tomato
- Pumpkin
- Pineapple
- Papaya
- Avocado
- Guava
- Passion fruit
- Vanilla 
- Chocolate

=Stimulants

- Tobacco
- Coca
- Peyote

OLD

     - Rice 
     - Wheat 
     - Millet
 - Barley
43
Q

Cultivars

A
  • Wild plants fostered by human efforts to make them more productive
44
Q

Cultigens

A
  • A plant that is wholly dependent on humans; a domesticate
45
Q

Domestication

A
  • An evolutionary process
  • A wild species is genetically transformed so that…
  • … it depends on human intervention in some part of its life cycle
46
Q

Agriculture

A
  • A cultural activity
  • Propagation and exploitation of plant and animals
  • Includes all the activities associated with both farming and animal herding
47
Q

Pastoralism

A
  • Using their herds to act as ecological intermediaries by converting though grasses to meat and by-products useful to humans
48
Q

Craft Specialization

A
  • Economic system in which some individuals do not engage in food production, but devote their labor to the production of other goods and services
  • Examples are potters, carpenters, smiths, shaman, oracles, and teachers
  • They exchange their services or products for food and other necessities
49
Q

Egalitarian

A
  • No social classes; informal leadership
50
Q

Ranked

A
  • Social differentiation but not social classes
51
Q

Stratified

A
  • Social classes
52
Q

State

A
  • Social classes; citizenship; monopoly on force; administrative institution; bureaucracy
53
Q

City

A
  • An urban center that both supports and is supported by a hinterland of lesser communities
  • Characteristics of a city include:
    = Complex society
    = Tonkin social organization
    = Craft and administrative specialists
    = Production, trades religion, and administration centers
    = Prominent ceremonial or civic buildings
54
Q

Civilization

A
  • A larger social order and set of shared values in which state are culturally embedded
55
Q

City-state

A
  • An urban center with its supporting territory that forms an autonomous sociopolitical unity
  • Farmers and other food producers tended to live in the urban center and work their fields on the outskirts of the city
    sociopolitical units
56
Q

Territorial State

A
  • A form of state political organization with multiple administrative centers and one or more capitals.
  • The cities tended to house the elite and administrative classes, and food producers usually lived and worked in the surrounding hinterland.
57
Q

Teotihuacán

A
  • Earliest city-state to dominate the Valley of Mexico. It became one of the largest urban centers in the New World up to the nineteenth century
58
Q

Teochtitlan

A
  • Aztec capital, built on the future site of Mexico City
59
Q

Cuneiform

A
  • Wedge-shaped writing of ancient Mesopotamia
60
Q

Biocultural Evolution

A
  • The mutual, interactive evolution of human biology and culture; the concept that biology makes culture possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution; a basic concept in understanding the unique components of human evolution
61
Q

Human Population Growth since the Ice Age

A
  • 3,000,000 to 2,500,000 ya: Culture, in the form of tool use, distinguished our hominin ancestors from other species
  • 200,000 ya: Modern humans appear in southern Africa
  • 150,000 ya: Modern humans spread to Asia and Europe. Cultural change speeds up
  • 10,000 ya: Hunter gatherers were similar to those of modern times
62
Q

Effects of Sedentary Living

A
  • Farmers substituted domesticated species for wild species in their field and pastures
  • Plowing, terracing, de-foresting, and animal grazing eroded the land
  • Pests moved to take advantage of the disturbed landscape
  • Intensive agriculture depleted the soil’s fertility
  • Populations grew in size and density
  • Infectious diseases spread
  • Overall human health quality declined
63
Q

Climate Change

A
  • Rapid global climate change is accelerating

- Human activity in the last two centuries is the most significant cause

Anthropology (2 decks)

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