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AP Science 10 > Unit B.1 Science 10 > Flashcards

Unit B.1 Science 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is motion?

A

Motion is an object travelling a specific distance in a certain amount of time

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2
Q

How can we analyze motion?

A

By comparing it’s initial position to it’s final position

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3
Q

What is an object’s initial motion called?

A

It’s called the “reference point” and all observations are made in relation to that point

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4
Q

What is uniform motion?

A

It’s the term used to describe an object that moves in the same direction at a constant speed (No acceleration, No change in direction).

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5
Q

What is the simplest type of motion and what’s the most common one?

A

The simplest type of motion is Uniform Motion

The most common type of motion is Acceleration

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6
Q

What is average speed and what is the formula for it?

A

Average speed is uniform motion that involves travelling a specific distance in a specified time

v = ∆d/∆t : (d final - initial) ÷ (t final - initial) = Average speed

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7
Q

∆: What is this thing and what does it mean?

A

That is the Greek letter delta and it means “change in”

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of graphs used to describe uniform motion?

A

Distance - time graph and Speed-time graph

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9
Q

What does each type of line (flat, diagonal and curve) of the distance-time graph represent?

A

Horizontal (Flat): Non-Moving Object (at rest)

Diagonal: Constant Uniform Motion

Upward Curve (smiley face): Positive Acceleration (slope is increasing)

Downward Curve (sad face): Negative Acceleration
(slope is decreasing)
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10
Q

What does the slope on a distance-time graph tell you?

A

Speed

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11
Q

What is the formula for slope?

A

Slope = rise/run = (y2 - y1) ÷ (x2 - x1)

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12
Q

What does each type of line (flat, horizontal and diagonal) of the speed-time graph represent?

A

flat horizontal line: Uniform motion
Flat horizontal line at 0: Rest
Upward Diagonal Slope: Increasing Acceleration
Downward Diagonal Slope: Decreasing Acceleration

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13
Q

What does the slope on a speed-time graph tell you?

A

Acceleration

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14
Q

What does the area under a speed-time graph tell you?

A

Distance

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15
Q

What is the difference between speed and velocity

A

Speed is only magnitude, velocity is magnitude and direction therefore being a vector quantity

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16
Q

What are examples of scalar and vector quantities (Give 5 each)

A

Scalar: Time, Distance, Speed, Mass, Temperature

Vector: Velocity, Displacement, Acceleration, Force, Gravity

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17
Q

How are vector directions shown and why are they important?

A

Vector directions are shown by the negative and positive signs and when writing out a formula and answer for formula’s including vector quantities, you should always put + or - before them

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18
Q

Why is average velocity uniform motion?

A

Because it doesn’t take into account speeding up or slowing down

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19
Q

What is the formula for average velocity?

A

→ →
V: d/ t
Avg Velocity = Displacement/time

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20
Q

What is the slope of a position time graph?

A

Velocity

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21
Q

What is the slope of a velocity time graph?

A

Acceleration

22
Q

What is the slope of an acceleration time graph?

A

Jerk/Jolt

23
Q

What is the area of an acceleration-time graph?

A

Change in Velocity

24
Q

What are the 2 ways positive acceleration can occur?

A
  • When the change in both the magnitude of the velocity and the direction are positive
  • When the change in both the magnitude of the velocity and direction are negative
25
Q

What are the 2 ways negative acceleration can occur?

A
  • When the change in magnitude of the velocity is negative while the direction is positive
  • When the change in magnitude of the velocity is positive while the direction is negative
26
Q

When does acceleration exist?

A

When velocity (so either speed or direction) changes, Acceleration Exists

27
Q

What is the acceleration formula?

A

a = (vf - vi) ÷ (t) = m/s²

28
Q

What is the best sort of line for acceleration on a displacement - time graph?

A

A smooth curve

  • A curved line on a position-time graph means the object is accelerating
29
Q

What is the best sort of line for acceleration on a velocity - time graph?

A

For accelerated motion, the line of best fit is a horizontal line (straight line with an increasing slope)

This indicates that the velocity of the object is increasing with time

  • Increasing slope = Positive Acceleration
  • Decreasing slope = Negative Acceleration
30
Q

Who described the important relationships between forces and motion

A

Isaac Newton

31
Q

What is force?

A
  • Force can be described as a push or pull on an object

- Forces can be used to transfer energy or convert one energy form to another

32
Q

What is force measured in?

A

Newtons

33
Q

What does 1 Newton equal?

A

1 Newton = 1kg m/s²

Force = Mass x Acceleration

34
Q

With an unbalanced force, the force acting in one direction is greater than the force in the other direction, true or false?

A

True

35
Q

What is the difference between balanced and unbalanced forces?

A
  • Balanced forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction; they cancel each other out
  • Unbalanced forces are forces that are not equal in magnitude or are not opposite in direction
36
Q

What happens if an unbalanced force is applied to a moving object?

A

It will either speed up or slow down (Accelerate)

37
Q

How will an object speed up with an unbalanced force?

A

If the unbalanced force is applied in the same direction of the object’s movement, the object will speed up

38
Q

How will an object slow down with an unbalanced force?

A

If the unbalanced force is applied in the opposite direction of the object’s movement, the object will slow down

39
Q

What does an object do if there’s no external unbalanced forces?

A

In the absence of any external unbalanced forces such as resistive forces, all object tend to stay in uniform motion or at rest

40
Q

An object in motion will stay in motion and no energy input is required for it to stay in uniform motion, true or false?

A

True

41
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to do work

42
Q

What is work?

A

The transfer of energy from one object to another or from one form of energy to another

43
Q

When is work being done in terms of physics?

A

Whenever a force moves an object through a distance in the direction of the force, then work is being done on the object

44
Q

What is the formula for work?

A

Work(J) = applied force(N) . distance the object moves(m)

W = Fd
1 Joule = 1 newton-meter

45
Q

What are the 3 conditions for work to be done on an object?

A 
#1: There must be movement of the object
#2: There must be a force at all times from the person itself
#3:  The force and the distance must be in the same direction as the object travelling
46
Q

What is a derived unit?

A

A formula made up of multiple fundamental units

47
Q

What is the fundamental units for joule?

A

1 Joule = 1 Kg m²/s²

48
Q

On a Force-Displacement graph, if there is constant force being applied through a distance on an object, then what line should it be?

A

A horizontal line

49
Q

What does the area under the line of best fit tell us on a Force-Displacement graph?

A

The work input

50
Q

What is work input & output?

A

Force applied = work input (energy input)

Energy being transferred = Work output (energy output)

51
Q

Is a change in energy and work the same thing?

A

Yes because energy is the ability to do work
If work is given in joules then so is energy
∆E = W
J = J

AP Science 10 (8 decks)

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