04_Learning, Memory, and Language

Question 1

Temporal Lobes:

Type of Memory

Answer 1

Long-term declarative memories

Question 2

Damage to RIGHT Temporal Lobe:

Nonverbal Memory

Answer 2

Face-recognition

Spatial position

Maze-learning

Emotional memory

Question 3

Damage to LEFT Temporal Lobe:

Verbal Memory

Answer 3

Recall of word lists and stories

Recognition of words and numbers

Question 4

Hippocampus:

Two types of memory

Answer 4

Spatial memory

Explicit memory

Question 5

Explicit Memory

Answer 5

Memory requiring conscious recollection

Question 6

Result of degeneration of neurons in hippocampus

Answer 6

Neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s

Question 7

Hippocampus:

Three factors that impair memory

Answer 7

Degeneration of neurons

Amyloid plaques

Cortisol due to chronic stress

Question 8

Amygdala

Answer 8

Fear conditioning

Adds emotional significance to memories

Question 9

Prefrontal Cortex:

Four types of memory

Answer 9

Episodic memory

Prospective memory

Constructive memory

Working memory

Question 10

False recognition

Answer 10

Incorrect claim the new information is familiar

Due to damage of prefrontal cortex

Question 11

Type of Memory associated with

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 11

Working memory

Question 12

Damage to Thalamus:

Potential Effects on Memory

Answer 12

Anterograde amnesia

Retrograde amnesia

Confabulation (Korsakoff’s Syndrome)

Question 13

Basal ganglia, cerebellum, motor cortex:

Two types of memory

Answer 13

Procedural memory

Implicit memory

Question 14

Procedural memory

Answer 14

Memory for sensory motor skills

Question 15

Implicit memory

Answer 15

Unconscious, non-intentional memory

Question 16

Aplysia Research:

Associated Processes

Answer 16

Habituation

Sensitization

Classical Conditioning of reflexes

Question 17

Aplysia main findings:

Synapse Changes

Answer 17

Short-term memory = neurochemical changes

Long-term memory = increase in number, modification of synpatic structure

Question 18

Long-term potentiation:

Associated areas

Answer 18

Glutamate receptors in hippocampus

*Also amygdala and cortex

Question 19

Protein Synthesis & Memory

Answer 19

Long-term memory is associated with protein synthesis during minutes or hours following learning

Question 20

Inhibition of protein synthesis or RNA at time of learning…

Answer 20

Prevents formulation of long-term memories

*Even when short-term and intermediate term memory are impaired

Question 21

Broca’s Aphasia:

Area of Damage and Symptoms

Answer 21

Damage to left frontal lobe

Dysprosody

Anomia

Question 22

Wernicke’s Aphasia:

Area of Damage and Symptoms

Answer 22

Damage to left temporal lobe

Difficulty understanding written and spoken language

Difficulty generating meaningful language

*Often unaware that speech is meaningless

Question 23

Conduction/Associative Aphasia:

Area of Damage and Symptoms

Answer 23

Damage to arcuate fasciculus

Anomia

Paraphasia

Impaired repetition

Question 24

Paraphasia

Answer 24

Substitution of words related in sound and meaning to intended words

Question 25

Anomia

Answer 25

Inability to name a common or familiar object, attribute, or action

Question 26

Transcortical Aphasia:

Area of Damage

Answer 26

Lesions that disconnect Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas from other regions of the brain

Question 27

Transcortical Motor Aphasia
= Isolation of Broca’s Area:

Symptoms

Answer 27

Non-fluent, effortful speech

Lack of spontaneous speech

Anomia

Question 28

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
= Isolation of Wernicke’s Area:

Symptoms

Answer 28

Deficits in comprehension

Anomia

Question 29

Mixed Trancortical Aphasia:

Answer 29

Only able to say a few words

Automatic speech (emotional exclamations)

Often accompanied by right hemiplagia, hemisensory loss, hemianopia

Question 30

Hemianopia

Answer 30

Loss of the right visual field in both eyes