L10+11 physiology

Question 1

• occurs in red bone marrow
• is the formation of blood cells
• all blood cells arise from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (another name for it is hemocytoblast)

Answer 1

Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)

Question 2

in circulating blood, _______ should be found

Answer 2

Mature, functional cells

Question 3

• is the process of formation and differentiation of RBCs from hemocytoblasts (uncommitted stem cells)
  (PEL N RE)
  1. Proerythroblast
  2. Early erythroblast
  3. Late erythroblast: synthesize Hb
  4. Normoblast: lose nucleus and some mitochondria
  5. Reticulocyte: contain ribosome, mitochondria
  6. Erythrocyte

Answer 3

Erythropoiesis

Question 4

Prenatal who’s responsible for making RBC?

Answer 4

Liver

Question 5

why is hypothyroidism is associated with anemia?

Answer 5

because thyroxine stimulates RBCs production, So if there’s thyroxine is low then blood is low as well

Question 6

two important factors for the maturation of RBCs:
1-
2-
they are important for DNA synthesis

Answer 6

1- Vitamin b12

2- Folic acid

Question 7

who’s responsible for making Platelets (thrombopoiesis)?

Answer 7

they are formed by defragmentation of Megakaryocytes

Question 8

can phagocytose pathogens and also act as antigen-presenting cells

Answer 8

Dendritic Cells

Question 9

a group of proteins found on the surface of normal human cells (like id cards) that help the immune to recognize foreign substances

Answer 9

Major Histocompatibility Complex

MHC

Question 10

cellular immunity is mediated by ______

• major defense against infections due to viruses, fungi, bacteria
• also helps against tumors, and is responsible for delayed allergic reactions and rejection of transplants

Answer 10

T lymphocytes

Question 11

types of T lymphocytes:
1- _______ (CD8): destroying invading cells by lysosomal enzymes, inserting proteins called perforins to destroy it.
2-_____ (CD4): manage innate and adaptive immune responses “immunity boss”

Answer 11

1- Killer cells or Cytotoxic T cells

2-T helper cells

Question 12

humoral immunity is mediated by _____

• secrete antibodies
• ** they must contact Helper T cells to fully activate antibody formation

Answer 12

B lymphocytes

Question 13

**types of antibodies:
1-____ : high M.W., ABO antibodies, can’t cross placenta
2-____: secretory antibodies
3-____: highest conc, smallest M.W, RH type (can cross placenta)
4-____: allergic conditions
5-____: on B lymphocytes surface

Answer 13

MAGED
1- Ig M
2- Ig A
3- Ig G
4- Ig E
5- Ig D

Question 14

passive immunization :
immune protection by antibodies prepared in humans or animals
e.g: ______

Answer 14

Measles