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Psych 1100 > lesson 5 > Flashcards

lesson 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

Simple stimulation of a sense organ

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2
Q

Perception

A

Organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation

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3
Q

Synesthesia

A

Perceptual experience of one sense that is evoked by another sense

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4
Q

Transduction

A

What takes place when many sensors in the body convert physical signals from the environment into encoded neural signals sent to the central nervous system

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5
Q

Psychophysicists

A

Often measure the minimum amount of a stimulus needed for detection

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6
Q

Psychophysics

A

Methods that measure the strength of a stimulus and the observer’s sensitivity to that stimulus

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7
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus

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8
Q

Just noticeable difference (JND)

A

Minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected

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9
Q

Weber’s Law

A

JND of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity

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10
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Response to a stimulus depends both on the person’s sensitivity to the stimulus in the presence of noise and on a person’s response criterion; takes into account individual perceptual sensitivity

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11
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Sensitivity to prolonged stimulation tends to decline over time as an organism adapts to current conditions

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12
Q

Visual acuity

A

Ability to see fine details

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13
Q

Visible light

A

Portion of electro magnetic spectrum seen

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14
Q

length

A

determines color

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15
Q

Intensity / amplitude

A

determines brightness

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16
Q

Purity

A

Corresponds saturation or richness of colour

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17
Q

Accommodation

A

Process by which the eye maintains a clear image on the retina

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18
Q

Retina

A

Light‐sensitive tissue lining the back of the eyeball

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19
Q

Cones

A

Detect colour, operate under normal daylight conditions, and allow us to focus on fine details

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20
Q

Fovea

A

Area of the retina where vision is the clearest and there are no rods at all (only cones)

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21
Q

Rods

A

Become active under low‐light conditions for night vision

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22
Q

Retina

A

Layers of cells including the bipolar cells and the retinal ganglion cells (in addition to the rod and cone layers)

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23
Q

Blind spot

A

Location in the visual field that produces no sensation on the retina because the corresponding area of the retina contains neither rods nor cones and therefore has no mechanism to sense light

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24
Q

Receptive field

A

Region of the sensory surface that, when stimulated, causes a change in the firing rate of that neuron

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25
Q

Trichromatic colour representation

A

The pattern of responding across the three types of cones that provides a unique code for each colour

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26
Q

Colour‐opponent system

A

Pairs of visual neurons that work in

opposition

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27
Q

Ventral stream

A

(“what”) to temporal lobe

28
Q

Dorsal stream

A

(“where”) to the parietal lobe

29
Q

Visual‐form agnosia

A

The inability to recognize objects by sight

30
Q

Binding problem

A

How features are linked together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free‐floating or miscombined features

31
Q

Illusory conjunction

A

Perceptual mistake where features from multiple objects are incorrectly combined

32
Q

Feature integration theory

A

Idea that focused attention is not required to detect the individual features that comprise a stimulus, but is required to bind those individual features together

33
Q

Binding process

A

Utilizes structures in the ventral and especially the dorsal stream (parietal lobe)

34
Q

Synesthesia

A

May involve atypical feature binding

35
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Even as aspects of sensory signals change,

perception remains consistent.

36
Q

Grouping

A

Involves separating a figure from its (back)ground: reversible figure/ground relationship

37
Q

Template

A

Mental representation that can be directly compared to a viewed shape in the retinal image

38
Q

Geons

A

Geometric elements combined to make objects

39
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

Aspects of a scene that yield information about depth when viewed with only one eye

40
Q

Binocular disparity (depth cues)

A

Difference in the retinal images of the two eyes that provides information about depth

41
Q

frequency

A

corresponds to our perception of pitch

42
Q

amplitude

A

corresponds to our perception of loudness

43
Q

complexity

A

corresponds to our perception of timbre

44
Q

Timbre

A

A listener’s experience of sound quality or resonance

45
Q

The outer ear

A

collects sounds waves

46
Q

the middle ear

A

transmits vibrations

47
Q

the inner ear

A

transduction into neural impulses

48
Q

Cochlea

A

Fluid‐filled tube that is the organ of auditory transduction

49
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Structure in the inner ear that undulates when vibrations from the ossicles reach the cochlear fluid

50
Q

Hair cells

A

Specialized auditory receptor neurons embedded in the basilar membrane

51
Q

Place code

A

Cochlea encodes different frequencies at different locations along the basilar membrane

52
Q

Temporal code

A

Cochlea registers low frequencies via the firing rate of action potentials entering the auditory nerve

53
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

Damage to eardrum or ossicles

54
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve

55
Q

Haptic perception

A

Active exploration of the environment by

touching and grasping objects with our hands

56
Q

A‐delta fibers

A

Quick, sharp pain

57
Q

C fibers

A

Long, dull pain

58
Q

Referred pain

A

Feeling of pain when sensory information from internal and external areas converges on the same nerve cells in the spinal cord

59
Q

Gate‐control theory

A

Signals arriving from pain receptors in the body can be stopped or gated by interneurons in the spinal cord via feedback from two directions

60
Q

Vestibular system

A

Three fluid‐ filled semicircular canals and adjacent organs located next to the cochlea in each inner ear; used with visual feedback to maintain balance

61
Q

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs)

A

Receptor cells that initiate the sense of smell

62
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

Rain structure located above the nasal cavity beneath the frontal lobes

63
Q

Pheromones

A

Biochemical odorants emitted by other members of its species that can affect an animal’s behaviour or physiology

64
Q

Object‐centered approach

A

Information about identity of odour object is

quickly accessed from memory and then triggers an emotional response

65
Q

Valence‐centered approach

A

Emotional response comes first and provides basis for determining the identity of the odour

66
Q

Tastant molecules

A

dissolve in saliva and stimulate microvilli that form the tips of taste receptor cells. Each taste bud contacts the branch of a cranial nerve at its base.

Psych 1100 (9 decks)

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