Renal

Question 1

Creatinine and chloride increased in the urine levels indicates

Answer 1

Renal dysfunction

Question 2

Pyelonephritis is

Answer 2

Inflammation and infection of one/both upper urinary tracts - ureter, renal pelvis or the kidneys. The renal pelvis is the funnel like structure that drains urine into the ureter.

Question 3

Acute Pyelonephritis is usually caused by

Answer 3

ascending infection bacteria start by colonising the lower urinary tract E.coli bacteria and often treated with fluoroquinolone (inhibitors of DNA replication).

Question 4

Chronic pyelonephritis and recurrent kidney infection

Answer 4

Leads to fibrotic changes, prevents elimination of bacteria, tubular destruction, atrophy/dilation

Question 5

Glomerulonephritis caused by

Answer 5

Primary injury to glomerulus including immunological disorders, drugs/toxins, infections (viral/bacterial) or ischemia and ROS

Question 6

Pyelonephritis is also called

Answer 6

Renal dysfunction

Question 7

Diagnosis of renal dysfunction

Answer 7

Elevated creatinine and blood urea, nitrogen (BUN) loss of h20, Na, k

Question 8

A UTI

Answer 8

is an infection of the urinary tract (bladder/ureter/kidneys/urether)

Question 9

Risk factors for pyelonephritis

Answer 9

Female sex,
Sexual intercourse,
Indwelling catheter,
DM,
Urinary tract obstruction,
vesicoureteral reflux (urine moves backwards from the bladder)

Question 10

Vesicoureteral orifice is

Answer 10

the valve between urethra and the bladder only has a one-way opening.

Question 11

Symptoms of acute pyelonephritis

Answer 11

Fever,
nausea/vomitting,
Leukocytes increased WBC in blood and urine,
Flank pain,
increased cretanine and blood urea nitrogen.

Question 12

Treament of acute pyelonephritis

Answer 12

Anitbiotics - fluroquinolones (inhibit DNA replication)

Question 13

Complications of Pyelonephritis

Answer 13

Renal abcess or recurrent infections causing chronic pyelonephritis due to atrophy of tubules (papillary necrosis) and fibrous tissue