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EMT Class > Anatomical Terms > Flashcards

Anatomical Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system

A

The organs involved in the exchange of gases between an

organism and the atmosphere.

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2
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

Chemical and physical changes that take place within the cells
in the presence of oxygen.

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3
Q

Airway resistance

A

The restriction of airflow that is related to the diameter of the
airways.

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4
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

The amount of inspired air that reaches the alveoli of the lungs.

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5
Q

Anaerobic

metabolism

A

Chemical and physical changes that take place within the cells
without the presence of oxygen.

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6
Q

Apneustic center

A

The respiratory center in the brainstem that intensifies and
prolongs inhalation.

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7
Q

Boyle’s law

A

The concept that the volume of a gas is inversely proportionate
to the pressure

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8
Q

Central

chemoreceptors

A

Receptors located in the medulla that are most sensitive to

changes in carbon dioxide and pH.

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9
Q

Compliance

A

The measure of the ability of the chest wall and lungs to

stretch, distend, and expand.

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10
Q

Dead air space

A

Anatomical areas in the respiratory tract where no gas

exchange occurs but where air collects during inhalation.

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11
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin that does not have any oxygen molecules

attached to it.

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12
Q

Dorsal respiratory

group (DRG)

A

Respiratory rhythm center located in the brainstem that

controls the rate and depth of normal quiet respiration.

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13
Q

Frequency of

ventilation

A

The number of ventilations in one minute.

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14
Q

Glycolysis

A

The breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid in the cells.

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15
Q

Irritant receptors

A

Receptors found in the airways that are sensitive to irritating
gases, aerosol, and particles and that result in a cough, bronchoconstriction, and increased ventilatory rate when
stimulated.

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16
Q

J-receptors

A

Receptors found in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli that
are sensitive to increases in the pressure in the capillary and
that cause rapid, shallow ventilation when stimulated.

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17
Q

Minute ventilation

minute volume

A

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute.

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18
Q

Peripheral

chemoreceptors

A

Receptors located in the aortic arch and the carotid bodies that
are somewhat sensitive to CO2 and pH but are most sensitive
to the level of oxygen in the arterial blood.

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19
Q

Pneumotaxic center

A

Located in the brainstem, it sends inhibitory impulses to the
apneustic center to turn off the inhalation before the lungs are
too full.

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20
Q

Respiratory control

centers

A

Located in the brain stem. Consists of four control centers: the
dorsal and ventral respiratory groups and the apneustic and
pneumotaxic centers

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21
Q

Stretch receptors

A

Receptors found in the smooth muscle of the airways that
monitor the size and volume of the lungs. These receptors
stimulate a decrease in the rate and volume of ventilation
when stretched by high tidal volumes to protect against lung
over-inflation.

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22
Q

Tidal volume

A

The amount of air breathed in and out in one normal

respiration.

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23
Q

Ventral respiratory

group (VRG)

A

Respiratory rhythm center located in the brainstem that has
both inspiratory and expiratory neurons. It becomes active and
stimulates accessory muscles when an increase in ventilatory
effort is necessary.

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24
Q

Laryngeal spasm

A

A contraction of the vocal cords that causes them to close and
prevents air from passing through into the trachea. Also called
laryngospasm.

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25
Q

Afterload

A

The force of contraction that the left ventricle has to generate
to overcome the resistance in the aorta to eject the blood.

26
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Stretch-sensitive receptors located in the aortic arch and

carotid bodies that constantly measure the blood pressure.

27
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Receptors that monitor oxygen levels, carbon dioxide, and pH
in arterial blood.

28
Q

Systemic vascular

resistance

A

The resistance of blood flow through a vessel based on the

diameter of the vessel

29
Q

Cardiac output

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle in one

minute.

30
Q

Circulatory system

A

The system composed of the heart and blood vessels that
brings oxygen and nutrients to and takes wastes away from
body cells. Also called the cardiovascular system.

31
Q

Frank-Starling law

of the heart

A

The concept that the stretch of the muscle fiber in the left
ventricle at the end of diastole determines the force necessary
to eject.

32
Q

Hydrostatic

pressure

A

The blood pressure, or force exerted against the inside of
vessel walls; the “push” effect that forces fluid out of a
capillary.

33
Q

Microcirculation

A

The flow of blood through the arterioles, capillaries, and
venules that is the site of exchange of gases, nutrients, and
waste products with the cells.

34
Q

Plasma oncotic

pressure

A

The force created by the presence of large molecules that
tends to keep fluid inside a capillary by exerting a “pull” effect.
Also called colloid.

35
Q

Preload

A

The pressure generated in the left ventricle at the end of

diastole (resting phase of the cardiac cycle).

36
Q

Stroke volume

A

Volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle during each

contraction.

37
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

That portion of the nervous system located outside the brain
and the spinal cord

38
Q

Central nervous system

A

The Brain and the Spinal Cord

39
Q

Integumentary system

A

The skin

40
Q

Cyanosis

A

A blue-gray color of the mucous membranes and/or skin

that indicates inadequate oxygenation or poor perfusion.

41
Q

Dead air space

A

Anatomical areas in the respiratory tract where no gas exchange occurs but where air collects during inhalation.

42
Q

Minute volume

A

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one

minute. Also called minute ventilation

43
Q

Residual volume

A

The air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation.

44
Q

Tidal volume

A

The amount of air breathed in and out in one normal

respiration.

45
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Referred to as the “master gland” because is regulates growth, the function of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, the pancreas, the gonads, the metabolism of fatty acids, blood sugar levels, and urinary functions. The pituitary gland has anterior and posterior parts.

46
Q

Alpha 1 effects

A
  • Vasoconstriction.
  • In events that cause shock, the vessels in the skin constrict and shunt blood to the core of the body, resulting in pale and cool skin.
  • Alpha1 effects also stimulate the sweat glands, causing the skin to become moist or clammy in states of shock.
  • Norepinephrine causes primarily Alpha1 and Alpha2 effects
47
Q

Alpha 2 effects

A

Thought to regulate the release of Alpha1.

48
Q

Beta 1 effects

A

Affect the myocardium, increasing heart rate, contractile force, and speeding up the electrical impulses traveling through the conduction system of the heart

49
Q

Beta 2 effects

A

Cause smooth muscles to relax, especially in the bronchioles.

50
Q

vertebrae in each part of spine

A 
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacram: 5 (fused)
Coccygeal: 4 (fused)
51
Q

Body of spine

A

Thick & disk shaped, weight bearing portion of vertebrae

52
Q

Articular process

A

A point of attachment for muscle lateral to spinous process (spine)

53
Q

Spinous process

A

Posterior midline, boney prominence felt through skin of the back

54
Q

Transverse process

A

Point of attachment for muscle lateral to the articular process

55
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

In center of body, allows for passage of spinal cord

56
Q

Brain stem

A

Part of brain that controls involuntary function

57
Q

Diencephalon

A

Part of brain that controls sensory processing and is involved with body function control

58
Q

Cerebrum

A

Part of brain involved in censory control

59
Q

Cerebellum

A

Part of brain involved in coordination of balance

60
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Controls parasympathetic nervous system

61
Q

Sutures

A

Zigzagged joints that hold the cranium together

62
Q

Physiological manifestation of stress

A 
Cool, clammy skin
Increase in RR, pulse
Dilated pupils
Increased BP
Tensed muscles
Increase in blood sugar levels
Perspiration
Decreased circulation to GI tract

EMT Class (14 decks)

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