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GCSE Biology > SB7 > Flashcards

SB7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers

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2
Q

What are the endocrine glands

A

Organs that that release hormones into the blood

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries

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3
Q

What does the pituitary gland do

A

It releases ACTH, FSH, LH and the growth hormone

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4
Q

What does the pancreas do

A

Contains cells that create insulin and others that produce glucagon

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5
Q

What do the ovaries do

A

Produce oestrogen and progesterone

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6
Q

What do the testes do

A

Release testosterone

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7
Q

What do the adrenal glands do

A

Releases adrenalin

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8
Q

What does the thyroid gland do

A

Produces thyroxine

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9
Q

What is a target organ

A

An organ that is affected by a certain hormone

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10
Q

What is metabolic rate

A

The amount of energy stored by an organism in a given time period that is then transferred

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11
Q

What is resting metabolic rate

A

The metabolic rate when the body is at rest

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12
Q

What does thyroxine do

A

It causes heart cells to contract more rapidly and strongly

It also increases the breaking down rate of carbohydrates and proteins

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13
Q

What is negative feedback

A

A control mechanism that reacts to a change in condition by trying to change the condition back

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14
Q

What does adrenalin do

A

During frightening or exciting, adrenalin causes liver cells to turn glycogen into glucose, causes blood vessels leading to muscles to widen and blood vessels leading to other organs

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15
Q

What happens in the first 1-5 days in the menstrual cycle

A
  • Start of menstruation

- Uterus lining breaks down and egg is lost

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16
Q

What happens in the 6-12 days in the menstrual cycle

A

The uterus lining begins to thicken again after menstruation

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17
Q

What happens in the 13-15 days in the menstrual cycle

A

An ovary releases an egg around day 14

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18
Q

What happens in the 16-22 days in the menstrual cycle

A

Uterus lining continues to thicken

fertilisation can lead to pregnancy

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19
Q

What happens in the 23-28 days in the menstrual cycle

A

Egg cell travels along the oviduct to uterus

The cycle starts again

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20
Q

What are some symptoms of periods and why are they caused

A

Mood swings, abdominal pain, breast tenderness, tiredness

They are caused by the changes in hormone concentration

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21
Q

What is ovulation

A

The release of an egg from an ovary

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22
Q

What does a hormone pill/implant do

A

Releases hormones to prevent ovulation by thickening mucus at the cervix, making it difficult for sperm

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23
Q

What does FSH do

A

It causes an egg to mature in the ovary

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24
Q

What does LH do

A

It causes the egg to be released from the ovary

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25
Q

What happens after the egg is released

A

The ovary releases progesterone and this stops the pituitary gland from releasing FSH and LH (to prevent any more eggs being released or matured)
Progesterone also keeps uterus lining thick

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26
Q

Where is LH and FSH released from

A

The pituitary gland

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27
Q

What is ART

A

It stands for assisted reproductive technology and uses hormones and other techniques to increase the chance of pregnancy

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28
Q

What is clomifene therapy

A

Clomifene is a drug that helps increase the concentration of FSH and LH in the blood

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29
Q

What is IVF

A

It stands for in vitro fertilisation

1) An egg is matured by hormones
2) An cell released by follicles is taken from ovary
3) Sperm is taken from men
4) Egg and sperm cell fuse
5) One or two healthy embryo are placed in uterus to grow

30
Q

What happens as blood glucose concentration rises

A

It stimulates cells in the pancreas to release insulin, the insulin causes cells in the liver and other organs to turn glucose into glycogen and the blood glucose concentration falls

31
Q

What happens if the blood glucose concentration falls too low

A

The pancreas detects this and releases glucagon to the liver and other organs, the liver turns glycogen into glucose and releases it into the blood

32
Q

What causes type 1 diabetes

A

Pancreatic cells that have been destroyed by the body’s immune system and now cannot produce insulin

33
Q

What is type 2 diabetes caused by

A

Insulin releasing cells not producing enough insulin or target organs not responding properly

34
Q

How can you get rid of type 2 diabetes

A

Being physically active
Having a healthy diet
Be given medicine

35
Q

What is a fever

A

Having a body temperature of over 38°C

36
Q

What is hypothermia

A

Having a body temperature of less than 36°C

37
Q

Why are fevers and hypothermia dangerous

A

They affect how enzymes work

38
Q

What is thermoregulation

A

The control of body temperature, keeps the temperature of most organs close to 37°C

39
Q

What is the hypothalamus

A

A small part of the brain that monitors body temperature

40
Q

What can a cold temperature do to the body

A

It can cause shivering (when muscles start to contract and relax rapidly)
Erector muscles in the skin dermis contract and cause the body hairs to stand upright
Reduced blood flow new the skin to reduce rate of energy transfer to air

41
Q

What can a hot temperature do to the body

A

Sweat
Increased blood flow around the skin surface
Hair lies flat as erector muscle is relaxed

42
Q

How does shivering heat you up

A

Energy from cell respiration for shivering warms you up

43
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

The narrowing of blood vessels near the surface of the skin

44
Q

What is vasodilation

A

The widening of blood vessels that increases blood flow to the skin surface

45
Q

What are nephrons

A

Microscopic tubes in the kidneys that make urine

46
Q

What does the Bowman’s capsule do

A

Adapted to let very small molecules through, water, urea and glucose (not protein)
Larger molecules stay in the flood
This is called filtration

47
Q

What is osmoregulation

A

The control of water balance in the body

48
Q

How can water be lost

A

When we breathe out we lost water
When we sweat
When we urinate

49
Q

What happens if cells take in too much water

A

The shape of the cell can change

50
Q

What do the renal veins do

A

They carry blood with wastes removed back to the body

51
Q

What do the renal arteries do

A

They carry blood with waste from the body to the kidneys

52
Q

What do the kidneys do

A

They remove wasteful substances from the blood and make urine

53
Q

What does the bladder do

A

It stores urine

54
Q

What does the muscle above the urethra and the urethra do

A

The muscle keeps the exit from the bladder closed until a person decides to urinate and the urethra allows urine to flow through

55
Q

What is kidney failure

A

When both kidneys stop working completely

56
Q

How can you get rid of kidney failure

A

Kidney dialysis

Kidney transplant

57
Q

What is dialysis

A

Dialysis is the process a person goes through to keep the concentration of substances in the blood at safe levels

58
Q

What happens in dialysis

A
  • Blood carrying wastes passes through a machine
  • Blood passes through a semi-permeable membrane (allows urea, ions and water to pass through but not blood and proteins)
  • On the other side is the dialysis fluid which contains a normal amount of water and ions
59
Q

Why does dialysis fluid not contain any urea but does contain some glucose molecules

A

So that urea can fully diffuse out of the blood as it’s a waste produce but glucose molecules are needed in the blood so not all of them diffuse into the dialysis fluid

60
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of kidney transplant

A 
It maybe too much for weak patients
Kidneys can be rejected
It can take a long time to find a suitable kidney
Expensive
Patient can lead a normal life
61
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages of dialysis

A

Expensive in the long run
Requires a controlled diet
Requires frequent treatment

62
Q

What happens to the filtration fluid in the first convoluted tubule of the nephron

A

Selective reabsorption happens back into the bloodstream, glucose and mineral ions are pumped back into the blood by active transport

63
Q

What happens in the collecting duct and the loop of Henle

A

Water us reabsorbed into the bloodstream by osmosis

64
Q

What happens at the end of the nephron

A

Remaining fluid flows into the ureter, excess water, urea and other substances are now called urine

65
Q

How is the nephron adapted for reabsorption

A

Large surface area between nephron and capillaries
Cell membrane have microvilli that increase surface area
Protein pumps in cell membranes that contain many mitochondria

66
Q

What does ADH do

A

Changes the permeability of the collecting duct in the nephron

67
Q

Why is ADH released

A

When the pituitary gland detects too little water in the blood

68
Q

What happens when ADH is present

A

Collecting duct is highly permeable to water and water us absorbed by osmosis

69
Q

Why is ADH released

A

When there is a low water concentration in the blood

70
Q

What does the liver break down

A

Excess amino acids in the blood and produces ammonia (deamination)

71
Q

What does the kidney do to ammonia

A

As it is very toxic, it converts ammonia into urea

GCSE Biology (9 decks)

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