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RT 202 > 8. Digital Medical Imaging Fundamentals > Flashcards

8. Digital Medical Imaging Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

A two-dimensional (2D) function

A

Digital Image

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2
Q

f(x,y); Where x & y =

A

plane coordinates

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3
Q

x

A

length

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4
Q

y

A

height

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5
Q

z

A

width

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6
Q

f

A

amplitude (brightness level)

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7
Q

Function f(x,y) where x and y are

A

spatial coordinates

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8
Q

is a 2D representation of a continuous image by a 2D array of discrete samples

A

Digital Image

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9
Q

Each element of a 2D array is a

A

pixel

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10
Q

If the digital image f(x,y,z) is 3-D, then the picture element is called a

A

VOXEL (volume element)

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11
Q

VOXEL

A

Volume Element

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12
Q

As f(x,y,z) is collected through time t, the collection becomes a

A

4-D image set

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13
Q

fourth dimension is

A

Time (t)

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14
Q

used when mathematics is presented

A

f

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15
Q

picture or image is being emphasized

A

p

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16
Q

w

A

Time (t)

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17
Q

Point Dimension

A

0D

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18
Q

Line Dimension

A

1D

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19
Q

Plane Dimension

A

2D

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20
Q

Solid Dimension

A

3D

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21
Q

A rectangular arrangement of numbers into rows & columns

A

Matrix

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22
Q

Each number in a matrix is referred to as a

A

matrix elementorentry

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23
Q

Thedimensionsof a matrix give the number of _____ of the matrixin this order

A

rows and columns

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24
Q

horizontal and the first number in matrix

A

rows

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25
Q

vertical and the second number in the matrix

A

columns

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26
Q

if the image is obtained through a digitizer

A

Digitized

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27
Q

if the image is generated digitally

A

Digital Image

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28
Q 
The pixel (voxel) value (gray level) can range from:
8-bit
A

0-255

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29
Q 
The pixel (voxel) value (gray level) can range from:
10-bit
A

0-1023

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30
Q 
The pixel (voxel) value (gray level) can range from:
9-bit
A

0-511

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31
Q 
The pixel (voxel) value (gray level) can range from:
11-bit
A

0-2045

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32
Q 
The pixel (voxel) value (gray level) can range from:
12-bit
A

0-4095

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33
Q

Represent physical, chemical, & physiological properties of the state of anatomical structures or physiological processes when the image was captured

A

Gray Levels

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34
Q

0 represents

A

Black (Radiolucent)

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35
Q

255 or highest number represent

A

White (Radiopaque)

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36
Q

Represents the optical density of the small square area of the film

A

Digitizer

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37
Q

Represents the relative linear attenuation coefficient of the tissue

A

Computed Tomography (CT)

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38
Q

Hounsfield Units of Bone

A

1000

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39
Q

Hounsfield Units of Muscle

A

50

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40
Q

Hounsfield Units of Brain White

A

45

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41
Q

Hounsfield Units of Brain Gray

A

40

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42
Q

Hounsfield Units of Blood

A

20

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43
Q

Hounsfield Units of Water

A

0

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44
Q

Hounsfield Units of Fat

A

-100

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45
Q

Hounsfield Units of Lung

A

-200

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46
Q

Hounsfield Units of Air

A

-1000

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47
Q

Corresponds to the MR signal response of the tissue

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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48
Q

Uses echo signal to penetrates the tissues

A

Ultrasound (UTZ)

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49
Q

2D projection image is the

A

ordered pair (M,N) signals

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50
Q

Size of the image is the product of M x N bits where 2k represents the

A

gray level range

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51
Q

Sectional images of a 3D volume, most of the time

A

M=N

52
Q

IMAGE DISPLAY

A
  1. Digital image can be printed on film or paper as hard copy or displayed on a CRT & LCD as a soft copy
  2. To display a soft copy digital medical image, the pixel values are first converted to analog-signals, to digital-to-analog conversion
  3. Current software display devices can display up to a 2K image on one screen
  4. Up to date, no commercially available system can handle a 4K image
53
Q

Quality of a digital image, is measured by three parameters:

A
  1. Spatial Resolution
  2. Density Resolution
  3. Signal-to-Noise Ratio
54
Q

related to the number of pixels and the range of pixel values used to represent the object of interest in the image

A

Density Resolution

55
Q

In a square image,
N x N x k, where:
N - ____,
k - ____

A

N - related to spatial resolution,

k – density resolution

56
Q

means that the image has strong signal with little noise, as a result, the image would please the eyes as seeing a good quality image

A

high signal-to-noise ratio

57
Q

Provide a standardized way to store the information describing an image in a computer file

A

Image File Format

58
Q

One or more images representing the projection of an anatomical volume onto an image plane

A

projection or planar imaging

59
Q

A series of images representing thin slices through a volume

A

tomographic or multi-slice 2D imaging

60
Q

A set of data from a volume

A

volume or 3D

61
Q

Multiple acquisition of the same tomographic or volume image over time to produce a dynamic series of acquisitions

A

4D

62
Q

MEDICAL IMAGE DATA SET CONSISTS:

A
  1. projection or planar imaging
  2. tomographic or multi-slice 2D imaging
  3. volume or 3D
  4. 4D
63
Q

Describes how the image data are organized inside the image file and how the pixel data should be interpreted by a software for the correct loading and visualization

A

File Format

64
Q

4 MAJOR FILE FORMATS USED IN

MEDICAL IMAGING:

A
  1. Analyze
  2. DICOM
  3. Minc
  4. Nifti
65
Q

Nifti

A

Neuroimaging Informatics Technology Initiative

66
Q

Representation of the internal structure or function of an anatomic region in the form of an array of picture elements called pixels or voxels

A

Medical Image

67
Q

NUMERICAL VALUE OF A PIXEL DEPENDS ON (Factors that affect the pixel/image):

A
  1. Acquisition Protocol
  2. Imaging Modality
  3. Post-processing
  4. Reconstruction
68
Q

Number of bits used to encode the information of each pixel

A

Pixel Depth

69
Q

Every image is stored in a file & kept in the memory of a computer as group of

A

bytes (group of 8 bits)

70
Q

The amount of information per pixel is

A

color depth

71
Q

1 bit of information per pixel

A

Monochrome

72
Q

8 bits of information per pixel

A

Grey-scale

73
Q

8 or 16 bits of information per pixel

A

Color (RGB)

74
Q

24 or 32 bits of information per pixel

A

True Color (RGB)

75
Q

If a 256 x 256 pixels image has a pixel depth of 12 or 16 bits, the computer will always store ___ bytes per pixel & then the pixel data will require 256 x 256 x 2 = 131,072 bytes of memory

A

two

76
Q

More color= More ____= More ___

A

Information,

Bits

77
Q

Specifies how the pixel data should be interpreted for the correct image display as a monochrome or color image

A

Photometric Interpretation

78
Q

have one sample per pixel & no color information is stored in the image

A

Monochrome images

79
Q

Gray scale photometric interpretation

A

X-ray, CT, MRI

80
Q

color map or color palette/LUT

A

Nuclear Medicine, PET, SPECT

81
Q

SPECT

A

Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography

82
Q

PET

A

Positron Emission Tomography

83
Q

Each pixel of the image is associated with a ___ in a predefined color map

A

color

84
Q

Information that describes the image

A

Metadata

85
Q

Stored at the beginning of the file as a header & contains at least the image matrix dimensions, spatial resolutions, pixel depth, & photometric interpretation

A

Metadata

86
Q

Thanks to ______, a software application is able to recognize & correctly open an image in a supported file format

A

Metadata

87
Q

Numerical values of the pixels are stored

A

Pixel Data

88
Q

Creation of Digital Image

A

a. Analog Image
b. Digital Sampling
c. Pixel Quantization

89
Q

2 CATEGORIES FOR MEDICAL IMAGE FILE FORMATS:

A
  1. DICOM

2. Analyze, Nifti & Minc

90
Q

Formats intended to standardize the images generated by diagnostic modalities

A

DICOM

91
Q

Formats born with the aim to facilitate & strengthen post-processing analysis

A

Analyze, Nifti & Minc

92
Q

Medical image files are typically stored using one of the following two possible configurations.

A
  1. One in which a single file contains both the metadata and image data, with the metadata stored at the beginning of the file
  2. The second configuration stores the metadata in one file and the image data in a second one
93
Q

Analyze was developed in

A

1980’s in Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, USA

94
Q

Consists of two binary files, image file with extension

A

Analyze

95
Q

Analyze file extensions

A

.img,

.hdr

96
Q

contains the voxel raw data

A

.img

97
Q

header file, contains metadata

A

.hdr

98
Q

Nifti was developed in

A

2000s in National Institute of Health

99
Q

With the intent to create a format for neuroimaging maintaining the advantages of the Analyze format

A

Nifti

100
Q

Can be thought as revised Analyze format

A

Nifti

101
Q

Nifti is almost identical to the Analyze format, but offers a few improvements:

A

a. Merging of the header & image information into one file “.nii”
b. Possibility of extending the header information

102
Q

Nifti file extension

A

.nii

103
Q

Minc was developed in

A

1992 in Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI)

104
Q

MNI

A

Montreal Neurological Institute

105
Q

To provide a flexible data format for medical imaging

A

Minc

106
Q

Based on the Network Common Data Format (NetCDF) Minc 1 to Hierarchical Data Format version 5 (HDF5) Minc 2

A

Minc

107
Q

DICOM was developed in

A

1990s by ACR and NEMA

108
Q

ACR

A

American College of Radiology

109
Q

NEMA

A

National Electrical Manufacturers Association

110
Q

Backbone of every medical imaging department

A

DICOM

111
Q

Pixel data cannot be separated from the description of the medical procedure which led to the formation in the image itself

A

DICOM

112
Q

The standard stressed the concept that “an image that is separate from its metadata becomes _______ as medical image”

A

meaningless

113
Q

______ are merged in a unique file, and the ______ contains the most complete description of the entire procedure

A

Metadata & pixel data,

DICOM header

114
Q

Minc file extension

A

.mnc

115
Q

DICOM file extension

A

.dcm

116
Q

has a mechanism to extend the header

A

Nifti

117
Q

is simply data about data. It means it is a description and context of the data. It helps to organize, find and understand data.

A

Metadata

118
Q

Those are some typical metadata elements:

A
  1. Title and description
  2. Tags and categories
  3. Who created and when
  4. Who last modified and when
  5. Who can access or update
119
Q

A few real world examples of metadata:

A 
Photo,
Book,
Email,
Word Document,
Web Page,
Blog Post,
Spreadsheet,
Rational Database,
Computer Files,
Paper Files
120
Q

In radiology refers to the ability of
an imaging system to differentiate
between two near-by objects

A

Spatial Resolution

121
Q

In digital imaging, it depends on the size

of the pixel used.

A

Spatial Resolution

122
Q

A ___ pixel size will be unable to
resolve two near-by structures as
compared to a ___ pixel size.

A

large,

small

123
Q

LUT

A

look-up table

124
Q

MINC

A

Medical Imaging Network Common Data Format

125
Q

NetCDF

A

Network Common Data Format

126
Q

HDF5

A

Hierarchical Data Format version 5

127
Q

convert hard-copy x-ray, CT, ultrasound, MRI and dosefilmsto digital images

A

film digitizers

RT 202 (9 decks)

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