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psy 102 chapters 4-6 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is sensation

A

the basic unit of conscious experience that we have detected but not assigned meaning to.

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2
Q

what are examples of sensation

A

patterns,(visual), warm, sweet, bitter (taste)

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3
Q

what is perception

A

the meaningful interpretations of the sensations we’ve detected

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4
Q

what are examples of perception

A

what the patterns are making, what the food is we’re tasting

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5
Q

what is sensory transduction

A

the process of changing external stimulation into signals in the brain

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6
Q

what is light

A

a form of electromagnetic radiation that enables the human eye to see

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7
Q

what are wavelengts

A

the distance from one energy peak to another

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8
Q

what is amplitude/intensity

A

how much energy is transmitted (brightness) `

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9
Q

how do wavelengths and amplitude of light relate to colour and brightness

A

electromagnetic radiation or wavelengths that are in the visible part of the spectrum are being absorbed by the object. depending on the object certain wavelengths are absorbed and some are reflected causing a sensation of colour

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10
Q

how does is the amount of light that enters your eye controlled

A

muscles around the pupil are controlled by an unconscious reflex that is triggered depending on the amplitude/intensity of light.

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11
Q

what happens when there is a high amplitude of light directed towards your eye

A

the muscles around your pupil make it shrink

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12
Q

what happens when there is a low amplitude of light being directed towards your pupil

A

the muscles around your pupil make it dialate

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13
Q

how is light focused on your retina

A

By the lens which changes shapes through the use of muscles depending on how close or far an object is

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14
Q

what happens to your lens when an object is close

A

the lens gets shorter and fatter

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15
Q

what happens to the lens when objects are far

A

it gets thinner and longer

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16
Q

what is the word for when the muscles change the shape of your lens

A

accomadation

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17
Q

what are the light-sensitive receptor cells called

A

photoreceptors

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18
Q

what is the fovea

A

an area where photoreceptors are densely packed together

19
Q

what is the optic nerve

A

a place where there are no photoreceptors. where the axons of your cells come together and leave the back of your eye

20
Q

what is the cornea

A

the outer layer of your eye where light enters

21
Q

what is the pupil

A

where the light goes in

22
Q

how does light get translated into the electrochemical language of the brain using the rod and cone cells (photoreceptors)

A
  1. Light passes through the cornea and lens, strikes the retina which is made up of rod cells, cone cells, ganglion cells, and bipolar cells.
  2. Light goes past the ganglion and bipolar cells hits the rods and cones which contains photopigement.
  3. photopigment absorbs the photons and breakdown
  4. this causes depolarization in the cell and starts sending action potentials to the bipolar and ganglion cells
  5. they pass the message through the optic nerve
23
Q

where are rod cells generally located

A

around the edges

24
Q

what are rod cells responsible for

A

your vision in low light conditions at night (peripheral vision)

25
Q

where are cone cells located

A

the centre of the fovea

26
Q

what are cone cells responsible for

A

fine details and seeing colour (central vision)

27
Q

explain the process of dark adaptation

A
  1. when light is on the chemicals inside your photoreceptors (photopigment) are being depleted (bleached) and no longer able to send action potentials
  2. photoreceptors are constantly replenishing the photopigment in them
  3. when the lights are turned off as time goes on more and more photopigment replenishes
  4. this gives your photoreceptors the ability to catch the few photons that are in the room
28
Q

how do bipolar and ganglion cells process the messages from the photoreceptors to detect edges in the visual field

A

multiple photoreceptors are connected to one bipolar cell. multiple bipolar cells are connected to one ganglion cell. If the ganglion cells receive messages from only a few bipolar cells that is how it detects edges

29
Q

describe where the blind spot is in our retina and what the visual system does about

A

the optic nerve is a large father of axons leaving no room for any photoreceptors. There is no means of detecting light making this the blind spot.

because this is located in your peripheral vision when it hits one eye it does not hit the other allowing the vision from one eye to compensate for the blind spot in the other

30
Q

describe how studying brain damage can tell us how information is processed

A

Ex 1: If someone has brain damage and is no longer able to recognize and identify faces but able to identify objects we know that there is a part of the brain dedicated to facial processing

ex 2: if someone is able can see someone/ something while stationary but not while in motion we know that there is a part of the brain dedicated to processing objects in motion

31
Q

what is it called when someone does not have facial recognition

A

prospagnosia

32
Q

what is it called when someone is unable to see objects/people when in motion

A

akinetopsia

33
Q

explain opponent-process to colour vision

A

some cell will increase their firing rate when they’re getting messages that red (560nm)is present and will decrease when there is blue (420nm) and increase again when green is (530nm)
Part of your experience of colour is created by your visual system paying attention the difference in the firing rate in the opposing cells.

34
Q

what is the bottom-up processing

A

taking sensory input and building up recognizable images from the combination of lines corners and colours

35
Q

what is top-down processing

A

taking our knowledge, beliefs and expectations about the visual scene and using them to help construct a meaningful image

36
Q

describe the five of the Gestalt principles of top-down organization in perception

A
  1. The law of proximity- thing that are close together are grouped together. Ex: columns vs rows
  2. The law of similarity- things that share the same form (shape) are grouped together ex: different shapes
  3. The law of closure- there is a tendency to perceive things as complete objects (whole not parts) if you can
  4. The law of good continuation- we prefer to think of objects as having smooth continuous contours (gradually changing outlines), rather than outlines that abruptly change
  5. The law of common fate- objects that move together are grouped together
37
Q

describe the variety of monocular cues to depth

A
  • Linear perspective- parallel lines converge as they get further away
  • Atmospheric perspective- far away objects are bluish and hazy
  • Texture gradients- the texture of closer objects is coarser and rougher (you can see more of the details) than the texture of objects that are further away
  • Relative height- objects that are higher up in the visual field tend to be further away (at least, below the horizon)
  • Motion parallax- in front of the focal point, closer objects appear to move faster than ones further away
38
Q

describe the variety of binocular cues to depth

A
  • Retinal disparity- the image from your right eye differs slightly from the image from your left eye. This can be used to judge depth
    The more different information about there the object is on your left and right retina, then the visual system assumes that the object is quite close to you
  • Convergence – your eyes turn inwards to focus on objects that are closer to you
    If you have to turn your eyes in closer together your visual system knows that the object is quite close and vice versa
39
Q

explain how size perception is based on both bottom-up and top-down processing and how this explains many visual illusions

A

the size that you perceive something as being depends on a combination of retinal size (bottom-up) and how far away you perceive it as being (top-down)

by manipulating various depth cues, we can create illusions that fool your system into ‘seeing’ objects as larger than they really are

40
Q

explain what sound is

A

sound is a form of physical energy caused by vibrations causing waves of molecules in some substances or medium (usually in air or water)

41
Q

how are physical soundwaves translated into the electrochemical language of the brain

A
  1. the outer ear (pinna) focuses sound into the auditory canal
  2. the sound reaches the eardrum (tympanic membrane) and causes it to vibrate
  3. the vibrations are transferred to the three bones in the middle of the ear (hammer, anvil and stapes)
  4. when the state vibrates it passes the vibration onto the cochlea and causes fluid to move which also causes the basilar membrane to move
  5. the hairs cells in the basilar membrane are the auditory sensory neurons which turn the physical waves into the electrochemical messages
42
Q

describe how our sense of pitch is created

A

the frequency of a sound is determined by the vibrations of the object. This is experienced as pitch. your brain creates high, medium low pitched sounds depending on which auditory sensory neurons are sending on the

43
Q

give examples that show how what we hear or perceive is a combination of bottom-up and top-down processing

A

there are cells in the auditory cortex that respond best to complex sounds. sometimes our top-down expectations influence what we hear. (think about when we hear lyrics but we read something that sounds the same)

psy 102 chapters 4-6 (3 decks)

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