PSC142 part 2

Question 1

Duchenne smile

Answer 1

A smile reflecting genuine pleasure, shown in crinkles around the eyes as well as an upturned mouth.

Question 2

Emotional display rules

Answer 2

An implicit understanding in a culture of how and when an emotion should be expressed.

Question 3

Emotional scripts

Answer 3

A scheme that enables a child to identify the emotional reaction likely to accompany a particular event.

Question 4

Emotion regulation

Answer 4

The managing, monitoring, evaluating, and modifying of emotional reactions to reduce the intensity and duration of emotional arousal.

Question 5

Primary emotions

Answer 5

Fear, joy, disgust, surprise, sadness, and interest, which emerge early in life and do not require introspection or self‐reflection.

Question 6

Secondary emotions

Answer 6

Pride, shame, guilt, jealousy, embarrassment, and empathy, which emerge in the second year of life and depend on a sense of self and the awareness of other people’s reactions.

Question 7

Social referencing

Answer 7

The process of reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in an uncertain situation.

Question 8

Babbling/cooing

Answer 8

Babbling - An infant’s production of strings of consonant–vowel combinations.
Cooing - A very young infant’s production of vowel‐like sounds.

Question 9

Holophrase

Answer 9

A single word that appears to represent a complete thought.

Question 10

Pragmatics

Answer 10

A set of rules that specify appropriate language for particular social contexts.

Question 11

Prejudice/stereotype

Answer 11

stereotype - A general label applied to individuals based solely on their membership in a racial, ethnic, or religious group, without appreciation that individuals within the group vary.
prejudice - A set of attitudes by which an individual defines all members of a group negatively.

Question 12

Telegraphic speech

Answer 12

Two‐word or three‐word utterances that include only the words essential to convey the speaker’s intent.

Question 13

Theory of mind

Answer 13

Children’s understanding that people have mental states such as thoughts, beliefs, and desires that affect their behavior. It allows children to get beyond people’s observable actions and appearances and respond to their unseen states.

Question 14

Authoritarian parenting

Answer 14

A child‐rearing style that is harsh, unresponsive, and rigid and tends to use power‐assertive methods of control.

Question 15

Authoritative parenting

Answer 15

A child‐rearing style that is warm, responsive, and involved and sets reasonable limits and expects appropriately mature behavior from children.

Question 16

Permissive parenting

Answer 16

A child‐rearing style that is lax and inconsistent and encourages children to express their impulses freely.

Question 17

Uninvolved parenting

Answer 17

A child‐rearing style in which parents are indifferent and neglectful and focus on their own needs rather than those of their children.

Question 18

Coparenting

Answer 18

How parents work together as a team, which can be cooperative, hostile, or unbalanced.

Question 19

Extended family

Answer 19

A unit of people that includes relatives such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, nieces, and nephews as well as members of the nuclear family.

Question 20

Family system

Answer 20

A group of related people composed of interdependent members and subsystems; changes in the behavior of one member of the family affect the functioning of the other members.

Question 21

Joint legal custody

Answer 21

A form of postdivorce child custody in which both parents retain and share responsibility for decisions regarding the child’s life, although the child usually resides with one parent.

Question 22

Nuclear family

Answer 22

Parents and their children living together.

Question 23

Rituals

Answer 23

Family activities involving formal religious observances and family celebrations.

Question 24

Routines

Answer 24

Day‐to‐day activities such as making dinner or washing the dishes.

Question 25

Socialization

Answer 25

The process by which parents and others teach children the standards of behavior, attitudes, skills, and motives deemed appropriate for their society.

Question 26

Sole custody

Answer 26

A form of postdivorce child custody in which the child is exclusively with either the mother or the father.

Question 27

Transactional

Answer 27

Ongoing interchanges between social partners such as a parent and child across time that result in modifications of the social behavior of each.