107

Question 1

Aphasia

Answer 1

inability to speak/ express oneself

Question 2

Dysphasia

Answer 2

impaired of uncoordinated speech

Question 3

Dysarthria

Answer 3

poor articulation

Question 4

lateralized paresthesia

Answer 4

tingling and numbness of limb (contralateral hemisphere)

Question 5

hemiparesis

Answer 5

lateralized weakness (contralateral)

Question 6

hemiplegia

Answer 6

lateralized paralysis (contralateral)

Question 7

amaurosis fugax

Answer 7

transit blindness in one eye (ipsilateral)

Question 8

ataxia

Answer 8

uncoordinated muscle movements (contralateral)

Question 9

Diplopia

Answer 9

double vision (vert-basilar)

Question 10

vertigo

Answer 10

sensation room is moving around you (vert-basilar)

Question 11

syncope

Answer 11

fainting (vert-basilar)

Question 12

dizziness

Answer 12

you are moving (vert-basilar)

Question 13

drop attacks

Answer 13

spontaneous fall and fast recovery (vert-basilar)

Question 14

binocular blindess

Answer 14

both eyes affected (vert-basilar)

Question 15

CVA

Answer 15

cerebrovascular accident: complete brain stroke, does not fully resolve

Question 16

TIA

Answer 16

Transient ischemic attack: symptoms resolve within 24hrs “mini stroke”

Question 17

RIND

Answer 17

symptoms resolve fully after 24 hrs

Question 18

FMD

Answer 18

Fibromuscular dysplasia; usually bilateral, in women, known to occur in renal arteries, look like pearls in angio, scan ICA D as far as you can

Question 19

Carotid body tumor

Answer 19

chemodactoma; usually benign, lies in “crotch” of carotid BIF

Question 20

Eddy flow

Answer 20

flow moving in opposite direction to mainstream flow

Question 21

plug flow

Answer 21

all blood cells are moving at same speed, systole (narrow spectrum)

Question 22

parabolic flow

Answer 22

blood cells in center stream move faster than those closer to the wall, diastole (wider spectrum)

Question 23

laminar flow

Answer 23

normal flow

Question 24

Turbulence

Answer 24

depends on:
1. density of fluid
2. viscosity
3. diameter of vessel
Reynolds # describes when turbulence is likely to occur (approx >2000

Question 25

Reynolds #

Answer 25

RE=(avg flow X density X tube diameter)/ viscosity

Question 26

vertebrobasilar symptoms

Answer 26

Vertigo, syncope, drop attacks, diplopia

Question 27

indications for subclavian artery exam

Answer 27

supraclavicular bruit, reduced arm bp, arm weakness, or abnormal vert spectral/ flow direction

Question 28

Criteria for hemodynamically significant stenosis

Answer 28

1. presence of plaque
2. increase in velocities
3. post stenotic turbulence (in spectral, does not have clean windows)

Question 29

When you suspect occlusion, take spectral tracing where:

Answer 29

1. prox /pre-stenosis
2. Point of max stenosis
3. post stenosis
4. distal to suspected occlusion to check if laminar flow returns

Question 30

NASCET

Answer 30

North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial, determine the benefit of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic pt’s, found 17% reduction in ipsilateral stroke at 2 yrs post op for pt’s w/ 70% stenosis

Question 31

Plaque characterization includes

Answer 31

1. echogenicity: hyper echoic (brighter than comparing vessel), isoechoic(same echogenicity as surroundings), hypo echoic (darker than comparing vessel)
2. Homogeneity: homo(same shade of grays), heterogeneous (diff types of grays)
3. Contour: smooth, regular, irregular, ulcerated (risky plaque)

Question 32

Cystic spaces

Answer 32

are anechoic

Question 33

Intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH)

Answer 33

plaque characterization, sonolucent/ hypoechoic region with thin fibrous cap “eggshell” pattern

Question 34

ulceration

Answer 34

heterogeneous, sharper irregular borders, >2mm defect and could be IPH