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Biology A2 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

The roles of the coenzymes and carrier proteins in the synthesis of atp (4)

A

reduced nad, h+ions or, and electrons transferred in a series of redox reactions. energy is made available as electrons passed on, energy used to synthesise atp from adp and phosphate. protons passed into intermembrane space

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2
Q

atp is formed in the mitochondria by (6)

A

substrate level phosphorylation, the krebs cycle produces reduced coenzymes and electrons are released from these reduced co enzymes and pass along the etc. releases energy. allows protons to enter the intermembrane space, protons re enter the matrix via atp synthase, along the proton gradient. atp forms from adp+pi and oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

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3
Q

the enzyme that catalyses isocitrate to a-ketaglutorate is (2)

A

dehydrogenase, a h+ is removed from isocitrate

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4
Q

suggest how you could determine the dry mass of a sample of plant material

A

ibtain a sample of plant material and heat to remove water. ensure its below 100 degrees to ensure it doesnt combust, re measure its mass at regular intervals until the mass is constant.

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5
Q

advantage of using dry not fresh mass

A

as diff plants have diff water contents so this woudl change the mass ratio formed

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6
Q

suggest how a student could investigate the effects of a named variable on the rate of resp of a single celled organism

A

use a respirometer and use a dye as the terminal electron acceptor for the etc

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7
Q

what is the purpose of the sodium hydroxide solution in a resp set up to measure the rate of aerobic resp

A

absorbs co2 so that there is a net decrease in pressure as 02 is consumed

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8
Q

Explain why converting pyruvate to lactate allows the continued production of
ATP during anaerobic respiration.

A

it allows the co enzyme reduced nad to be re oxidised to ensure that glycolysis can continue.

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9
Q

Explain the line between P and Q

A

No aerobic respiration

  1. (Because) no (respiratory) substrate
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10
Q

Explain the line between Q and R.

A

(Oxygen concentration falls because)
1. Aerobic respiration ( have to say aerobic) uses oxygen

  1. Oxygen is terminal / electron acceptor
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11
Q

For the first 10 minutes, the tap attached to tube A was left open and the syringe
from tube B was removed.
Suggest three reasons why the apparatus was left for 10 minutes.

A

Equilibrium reached.
Allow for expansion / pressure change in apparatus;
Allow respiration rate of seeds to stabilise.

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12
Q

Suggest and explain why the chosen temperature was 20 °C for this experiment.

A

Optimum temperature for normal growth of seeds;

2. (Optimum temperature) for enzymes involved in respiration.

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13
Q

Suggest why the rate of gas production decreased between 50 and 60
minutes.

A

GLUCOSe decreases

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14
Q

) Yeast can also respire aerobically. The student repeated the investigation with
a fresh sample of yeast in glucose solution, but without the oil. All other
conditions remained the same.
Explain what would happen to the volume of gas in the syringe if the yeast
were only respiring aerobically.

A

(Stays the) same level
2. Same volume of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide
release;

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15
Q

why does inhibiting the proton gradient mean that more heat was produced and why does this mean that the uptake of oxygen remained constant.

A

heat released from electron transort chain energy not used to produce atp so released as heat. oxygen used as final electron acceptor.

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16
Q

explain the advantages of collecting a large number of results

A

increases reliability of averages and can identify anomalies.

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17
Q

name 2 substances formed from pyruvate

A

co2, water, atp etc

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18
Q

describe how acetyl coa is formed in the link reac

A

oxidation of pyruvate AND co2 is released, addition of coa

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19
Q

ocalocetae is the first substrate to bind to blah blah explain how it binds

A

change in shape of active site, moulds around enzyme. complementary to substrate

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20
Q

suggest how the production of succinyl coa could control the rate of reac catalysed by citrate synthase

A

compeitive inhibitor, prevenets escs forming

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21
Q

the structure of malanoate is very similar to succinate. the scientists added malonate and the resp substrate pyruvate to a suspension of isolated mitochondria. explain why the scientist did not use glucose as the resp substrate for these isolated mitochondria

A

glucose is used during glycolysis, it cannot cross mitochondrial membranes

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22
Q

explain how malonate inhibits the formation of fumarate from succinate

A

competitive inhibitor, prevents escs forming

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23
Q

the scientist measured the uptake of oxygen by the mitochondria during the investigation. the uptake of oxygen decreased when malonate was added, why

A

krebs cycle inhibited as nad not reduced, hydrogens not passed to etc so oxygen cannot be used as the final electron acceptor.

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24
Q

suggesr one explanation for the higher glycerol and fatty acid concentrations in the blood plasma of the athletes after they were given caffeine

A

breakdown of fats;

at increased rate

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25
Q

explain why the rq for glucose is 1

A

   idea that volumes of oxygen and carbon dioxide the same;

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26
Q

explain- glycogen+caffeine

A

glycogen is a carbohydrate / broken down to glucose, linked to RQ;
with no caffeine, RQ nearer 1.0 / less carbon dioxide exhaled and
more oxygen inhaled (or vice versa) / with caffeine higher proportion of fats / fatty acids respired;
increased time to exhaustion suggests slower use of glycogen

27
Q

explain the purpose of the strip of filter paper in the koh solution

A

to increase surface area (for carbon dioxide absorption);

28
Q

the level of liquid in the rhs of the mnaometer went down during the exp, why

A

  oxygen is used

so decrease in volume

29
Q

one sim and one diff between the pattern of mean o2 uptkae by the snails in moist air and those in seawater

A

taking into account SD e.g. between 5 and 15 °C

both show little effect of temperature

30
Q

explain why valid conclusions cannot be drawn about trends in o2 concs at temp 25 and above

A

standard deviations high;

means unreliable

31
Q

explain why a layer of oil is required in this invest

A

to prevent o2 entering

32
Q

suggest why the rate of gas production decreased between 50 and 60 mins

A

glucose decreases

33
Q

what would happen to the volume of gas in the syringe if the yeast were only respiring anaerobically

A

 (Stays the) same

2.      Same volume of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release;

34
Q

explain why atp is produced more in presscence of o2

A

   Oxygen is final / (electron) acceptor

2.      Oxidative phosphorylation / electron transport chain provides (most) ATP / only glycolysis occurs without oxygen

35
Q

both exps were done at the same temp, why- what does this affect

A

affects enzymes;       Affects respiration;

36
Q

the level of coloured liquid in the rhs of the manotube went down during exp 1- why

A

 Oxygen taken up

  1.       Carbon dioxide (given out is absorbed by solution
  2.       Decrease in volume
37
Q

the student repeated exp ones on anaerobic seeds, what happens to level of coloured liquid

A

Remains the same;

2.      No oxygen uptake /

38
Q

the student closed the tap. after 30 mins the drop had moved to the left, why

A

Oxygen taken up / used (by woodlouse);

  1.       Carbon dioxide (given out) is absorbed by solution / potassium hydroxide;
  2.       Decrease / change in pressure;
39
Q

what measurements should the student have taken to calculate the rate of anaerobic resp in a woodlouse

A

  Distance (drop moves) and time;

  1.       Mass of woodlouse;
  2.       Diameter
40
Q

explain how dnp caused these changes

A

Less protons,

  1.       Heat released from electron transport / redox reactions / energy not used to produce ATP is released as heat;
  2.       Oxygen used as final electron acceptor
41
Q

what does it mean by rq=1

A

aerobic resp same amount of o2 and co2

if different then it must be anaerobic resp as not same amount of o2 and co2

42
Q

why is the shade plant better adapted at surviving in lower light intensities

A

as there are lower respiratory losses, less co2 released at 0 light therefore they havea greater npp

43
Q

explain what would happen to the volume of gas in the syringe if the yeast were respiring aerobically

A

stay the same as same amount of o2 uptake and co2 release

44
Q

describe the part played by the inner membrane of a mitochondria in producing atp

A

electrons transferred down etc
provides energy to take protons
energy used to combine adp and pi to form atp

45
Q

one thing to remember in respiration questions,

eg

explain why the coloured liquid moved to the right

A

nad being re oxidised and
having to state whether its aerobic or anaerobic always spot this and write it

FOR THIs question, the yeast cells had been left for an hour therefore all the oxygen would have been used up, you would have needed to spot this so you can write anaerobic respiration.

for a question ab coloured liquid, its always due to a pressure increase in the flask you just need to determine what causes this increase is due to, in this case because its anaerobic respiration the yeast will produce co2 therefore the volume of the flask will increase.

if the volume of the flask increases the pressure will increase so the bubble will move to the right.
and you also needed to mention anaerobic resp. (anaerobic resp produces co2)

if the bubble was more to the right it meant that more anerobic resp occured.

46
Q

many yeast cells die in the death phase- suggest 2 reasons why

A

due to the lack of glucose-In addition to oxygen, they require a basic substrate such as sugar.

ethanol conc increasing

47
Q

dcpip explained

A

dcpip is reduced by gaining electrons, gains it from photolysis so from chlorophyll as chloroplasts get excited. dcpip gains an electron rather than the electrons going down the etc, tehrefore dcpip is reduced rather than the first protein in the etc being reduced.

48
Q

explain how chemicals which inhibit the decolourisation of dcpip could slow the growth of weeds

A

because decolourisation means that it isnt reduced which means that the rate of psynth falls, so you need to explain this

bc the decolourisation falls, psynth falls therefore no atp or nadph would be produced meaning the ldr cannot occur.

49
Q

dnp inhbits respiration by preventing a proton gradient, how did less atp produced, more heat produced, the uptake of oxygen remained constant

A

preventing a proton gradienet from being established less atp
heat created from the etc
oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor

50
Q

name two molecules that could be used as alternative respiratory substrates

A

amino acids from proteins

glycerol and fatty acids from lipids

51
Q

how can lipids act as alternative respiritatory substrates

A 
Lipid--> glycerol + fatty acids
phosphorylation of glycerol -> tp 
fatty acid--> acetate
acetate enters the link reaction
protons produced for oxidative phosphorylation
52
Q

how amino acids can

A

deamination produces 3c compounds produce pyruvate for link, 4c/5c compounds act as intermediates in the krebs

53
Q

what happens to the lactate produced in anaerobic resp

A

transported to the liver via the bloodstream where it is oxidised to pyruvate
can enter the link reaction or be converted to glycogen

54
Q

why nadh needs to be reoxidised

A

so it can enter glycolysis again and become reduced again in order to allow tp to become oxidised again to form pryuvate and 2atp molecules along with it

55
Q

what happens to during anaerobic respiration in some microorganisms

A

only glycolysis can continue pryuvate is decarboxylated to ethanal and ethanal is reduced to ethanol using reduced nad to oxidise the nad for further glycolysis

56
Q

ethanol disadvantages

A

cells die when ethanol conc is high above 12

ethanol dissolves cell membranes

57
Q

how acetyl coa is formed in the link reac

A

pyruvate is oxidised and co2 is released and then coenzyme a is added

58
Q

how to measure the rate of respiration for an animal or smth using like apparatus

A

diameter or like size
mass
and distance and time

59
Q

how anaerobic resp of glucose in a muscle cell differs from yeast cells

A

ethanol vs lactic acid

co2 released by yeast not muscle cells

60
Q

if aerobic respiration had been investigated rather than anaerobic respiration how would you expect the volumes of gas collected at 30 degrees to differ from these results

A

vol less as no gas evolved

as vol of co2 evolved= vol of o2 taken in

61
Q

explain why muscles become fatigued when insufficient oxygen available

A

lowers the ph, increases acidity,

enzymes inhibited not denatured

62
Q

some of the lactate is oxidised to pyruvate by muscles when they are well supplied with oxygen, suggesr an advantage of the lactate being oxidised in the muscles

A

pryuvate is an energy source so muscles have an immediate energy supply

63
Q

does glycolysis occur in the mitochondria

A

no

Biology A2 (10 decks)

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