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Year 11 ATAR BIOLOGY > Ch. 22 Repiration > Flashcards

Ch. 22 Repiration Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 factors for the type of respiratory structure?

A

1) Environment

2) Complexity

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2
Q

How do unicellular and simple multicellular respirate?

A

Diffusion b/c in contact with O2

- no specialized structure needed

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3
Q

What are 3 phases of gas exchange?

A

1) Breathing/General Respiration
2) Transport
3) Servicing of cells

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4
Q

Breathing / General Respiration

A

Inhalation and exhalation

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5
Q

Inhalation

A

Oxygen from external environment to inside

  • muscles contract –> active
  • increase volume, pressure decreases –> air flow in
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6
Q

Exhalation

A

CO2 from inside to out

  • muscles relax –> passive
  • volume decreases, pressure increases –> air expelled
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7
Q

Transport

A

Oxygen diffuses from respiratory to blood vessel, attach to hemoglobin and delivered to every cell
- CO2 opposite

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8
Q

Servicing of cells

A

Oxygen diffuse blood to cells and CO2 diffuse cell to blood

- oxygen is used in cellular respiration for release of ATP as it pulls electrons form organic compound to make H2O

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9
Q

Respiratory Surface

A

Site of gas exchange

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10
Q

What are the 3 characteristics for efficiency of respiratory surface?

A

1) Thin b/c diffusion needs small distance
2) Moist b/c gases must be dissolved in water for diffusion
3) Extensive surface area b/c meet the needs of every cell and dispose of CO2

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11
Q

4 types of respiratory organs

A

1) Skin
2) Gills
3) Tracheae
4) Lungs

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12
Q

Skin

A

Gas exchanged via skin as oxygen diffuses from the outside to the capillaries right underneath

  • small, simple, long, thin, flat
  • no specialized respiratory organ, use body
  • invertebrate, water or moist soil, earthworm
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13
Q

Gill

A

Common for aquatic animals

  • small amount of body but high surface area to volume
  • surrounded by capillaries
  • countercurrent exchange
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14
Q

What are 3 reasons why aquatic organisms struggle compared to terrestrial organisms?

A
  1. Less oxygen in water. (1% vs 21%)
  2. Diffusion of oxygen in water is 300x slower than air.
  3. Air is lighter than water so its easier to move across respiratory surfaces
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15
Q

Tracheae

A

System of small tubers that branch thru out body and subdivide for higher surface area to volume

  • tracheoles carry oxygen directly to cells
  • doesn’t use blood (less energy, smaller size)
  • terrestrial arthropods
  • no localized respiratory organs
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16
Q

Lungs

A

Respiratory organ in complex vertebrates (snail)

  • site of oxygen in air in contact with blood, CO2 blood to air
  • located in thoracic cavity
  • bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, capillaries
  • blood

An internal sac, lined with moist epithelium, where gases are exchanged b/w air and the blood

17
Q

Gas Exchange (respiration)

A

Gas exchange or breathing; the exchange of O2 and CO2 b/w an organism and its environment. An aerobic organism takes up O2 and gives off CO2.
- cellular respiration; the aerobic harvest of energy from food molecules by cells

18
Q

Ventilation

A

A mechanism that provides contact b/w an animal’s respiratory surface and the air/water to which it is exposed. Contact b/w a respiratory surface and air/water enables gas exchange to occur

19
Q

Countercurrent Exchange

A

The transfer of a substance from a fluid or volume of air moving in one direction to another fluid or volume of air moving in the opposite direction
- opposite flows maintain a diffusion gradient that enhances transfer of the substance

20
Q

Tracheoles

A

The narrowest tube in an insect’s tracheal system

21
Q

Diaphragm

A

The sheet of muscle separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity in mammals; its contractions expands the chest cavity, and its relaxation reduces it

22
Q

What is the pathway that air travels?

A
  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi
  6. Alveoli
  7. Lungs
23
Q

Bronchioles

A

A thin breathing tube that branches from a bronchi within a tube

24
Q

Pharynx

A

Digestive and respiratory tract (pathway for food/liquid and air)

  • food enters pharynx ventral and exits dorsal
  • air enters dorsally and exits ventral
  • epiglottis
25
Q

Larynx

A

The voice box, containing the vocal cords

  • chamber surrounded by a rings of cartilage
  • lined w/ ciliated mucus membrane
  • mucus traps dust and pollen
  • cilia has rhythmic sweeps upwards to push particles up
26
Q

Vocal Cords

A

Elastic ridges stretched across laryngeal cavity.

  • vibrate from air
  • pitch affected by cord tension changes

One of a pair of stringlike tissues in the larynx. Air rushing past the tensed vocal cords make them vibrate, producing sound

27
Q

Trachea

A

Windpipe w/ rings of cartilage for shape

  • air tube at the front of the neck (pharynx to thoracic cavity)
  • lined w/ cilia
  • conducts air to/from lungs
28
Q

Bronchi

A

One of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs

29
Q

Alveoli

A

One of millions of tiny sacs within the vertebrate lungs where gas exchange occurs

  • primary functional unit of lungs
  • thin, moist, lots of surface area, capillaries
30
Q

Emphysema

A

A respiratory disease caused by smoking in which the alveoli becomes brittle and rupture, reducing the lung’s capacity

31
Q

Vital Capacity

A

The maximum volume of air that a respiratory system can inhale and exhale

32
Q

Hyperventilating

A

Taking several deep breaths so rapidly that the CO2 level in the blood is reduced, causing the breathing control centers to temporarily shut down breathing movements
- too much O2 and too little CO2 such that temporarily cease breathing

33
Q

Partial Pressure

A

A measure of the relative amount of gas in a mixture

34
Q

Hemoglobin

A

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds O2 and transports it to body tissues
- 4 polypeptide chains w// heme and iron atom carrying O2

35
Q

Nasal Cavities

A

2 separated by septum

  • warms, moistens, and clears air that is cold –> warm due to blood
  • coated by mucus to moisten
  • hair cleans air
  • sense receptors for chemical stimuli –> smell
  • air enters via nares
  • nasal acrimal gland for runny nose to clean and push out bacteria
36
Q

What are the 2 breathing muscles?

A
  1. Diaphragm

2. Intercostal

37
Q

Respiratory Control Centers

A

A brain center that directs the activity of organs involved in breathing.

  • located in brainstem
  • medulla oblongata and pons
  • oxygen senors in large arteries near heart
38
Q

What is the medulla oblongata?

A

Medulla oblongata is sensitive to CO2, monitors pH of blood, and cerebrum spinal fluid

39
Q

What is the pons?

A

Maintains basic rhythm/depth of breathing set by medulla

Year 11 ATAR BIOLOGY (19 decks)

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