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emer 115 > LO1-2 Pathophysiology of GI Disorders > Flashcards

LO1-2 Pathophysiology of GI Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Peristalsis

A

propel food bolus toward the stomach without involvement of brain stem

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2
Q

Portal vein

A

transports venous blood from the GI tract directly to the liver for processing of nutrients that have been absorbed

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3
Q

The cardiac sphincter

A

controls the amount of food that moves back up the esophagus

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4
Q

Chyme

A

the materials that exit through the pyloric sphincter

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5
Q

Duodenum

A

the portion of the small intestine that begins the absorption of nutrients and where the pancreas, liver and gallbladder connect to digestive system

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6
Q

Stomach absorbs

A

water, fat soluble substances

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7
Q

Alcohol is absorbed

A

rapidly in small intestine

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8
Q

primary role of the large intestine

A

is to complete the reabsorption of water

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9
Q

Abdominal disorders can result from

A

inflammation, infection, and obstruction

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10
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux

A

occurs when acid, normally localized to

the stomach, enters the esophagus

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11
Q

Other causes of gastroesophageal reflux are:

A
  • Nicotine
  • Fried or fatty foods
  • Chocolate
  • Coffee
  • Citrus fruits and juices
  • Peppermints
  • Pregnancy
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12
Q

Esophagitis

A

Esophagitis is the irritation and inflammation of the esophagus caused by stomach acids and
digestive enzymes repeatedly refluxing up from the stomach

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13
Q

Esophagitis Signs and Symptoms

A

•Burning sensation in chest
•Pain when swallowing
•Dysphagia (caused by the narrowing of lower esophagus due to scarring resulting in food
sticking in the area)
•Bleeding if ulcers develop (noted by black stools, anemia and vomiting blood)

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14
Q

Gastritis

A

Gastritis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa caused by an increase gastric
acid secretion.

Gastritis is often associated with alcohol ingestion, drugs, and stress.

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15
Q

Esophageal Varices
what is it
signs and symptoms
treatment

A

Condition: hemorrhagic

Pain, bright red blood, Melena, shock

Common with hepatic disease and often result from portal hypertension caused by cirrhosis of the liver

Tachy, hypotension, pale cool clammy skin

Give fluid to map of 65
Check peripheral pulses
Airway issues

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16
Q

Bowel Obstruction
what is it
signs and symptoms
treatment

A

Signs include

  • abdominal pain and fullness.
  • Rigidity usually all over
  • Look pregnant
  • Diarrhea initially
  • Constipation may eventually result.
  • Nausea and vomiting are common in later stages
  • Extreme cases have feculent breath

Management

  • watch for sepsis
  • Fluid resuscitation can be useful
  • Needs fluid even if map is good
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17
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

Protective layer of the stomach and small intestine erode allowing the acid to eat into the lining of the stomach
Condition: Acute inflammation
Pain, often relieved by food intake, bleeding

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18
Q

Upper GI bleed

A

Mouth, stomach, esophagus
Condition: hemorrhagic
Pain, hemorrhage
Upper GI bleeding: The upper GI tract is located between the mouth and the upper part of the small intestine.

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19
Q

Mallory-Weis Syndrome

A

the oesophageal lining tears during severe vomiting and may lead to severe haemorrhage and sepsis

20
Q

Perforated ulcer

A

when it eats all the way through the stomach

21
Q

Cholecystitis
what is it
signs and symptoms
treatment

A

-Gall stones, gall bladder attack

Obstruction of the cystic duct leading from the gallbladder to the duodenum, Inflammation of the gallbladder; usually by gallstones

Fever, jaundice, tachycardia

Gallbladder is in right upper under liver

Pain radiates to right shoulder

ALS for pain med
Give Zofran
Give IV for n/v meds

22
Q

cholecystjts Risk factors

A 
Risk factors 
Females 
Pregnant 
Older people 
Caucasians 
Overweight or recent extreme weight loss
23
Q

Cirrhosis
what is it
signs and symptoms

A
  • Cirrhosis is the final phase of chronic liver disease.
  • irreversible scarring of the liver resulting in poor liver function.

Signs and symptoms

  • Edema and ascites (fluid from the peritoneal cavity)
  • Jaundice
  • Itching
  • Gallstones
  • Medication sensitivity
  • Toxicity
24
Q

Hepatitis

what is it
signs and symptoms

A
  • Infectious
  • Inflammation and damage of the liver
  • Associated with the sudden onset of malaise, weakness, anorexia, intermittent nausea and vomiting, and dull RUQ pain
25
Q

hepatitis cause

treatment

A
  • Causes
    o Viral(Hep A,B,C-in Canada D,E,F,G)
     A and E: transmitted through fecal matter
     B,C and D transmitted through contact typically sexual
    o Epstein Barr virus
    o Bacterial Infections
    o Liver Cancer
  • Pain meds from ALS
  • IV yes
  • O2 based on signs and symptoms of shock
    o Nasal cannula for n/v pts
26
Q

Pancreatitis
what is it
signs and symptoms

A
  • Pancreas creates enzymes that we use to digest our food
    o Creates insulin
  • In the area of the epigastric
  • Some common contributing factors to pancreatitis are an increase in alcohol consumption and Gallstones
  • More prevalent in the male population
  • Can also be caused by certain medications, trauma, cancer

Signs and Symptoms

  • Nausea and Vomiting
  • Sharp, Epigastric or RUQ pain that can radiate to back
  • Possible fever, tachycardia, hypotension, possible muscle spasms in extremities
  • Grey turner sign: bruising to flanks
  • Cullen sing: bruising around umbilical region
27
Q

Appendicitis

what is it
signs and symptoms

A
  • Caused by an accumulation of material, usually feces.
  • Lower right
  • Obstruction of normal flushing
  • Ripe condition for bacterial reproduction
  • Can result in ultimate rupture, peritonitis ( generalized abdominal pain), sepsis, and death

Signs and Symptoms

  • Periumbilical pain that migrates to RLQ
  • Duration is usually less than 48 hours
  • As the condition progresses the pain will change characteristics and locations
  • Guarding
  • Rebound tenderness (parietal pain): doesn’t hurt when you push but when you let go it hurts
28
Q

Diverticulitis
what is it
signs and symptoms

A
  • Is caused typically by a decrease in fiber intake
  • Consistency of stool become more solid
  • Hard stools take more contractions
  • Small defects in colonic wall fail
  • Diverticula: Feces become trapped in these pouches
  • Fistula: abnormal connection between two cavities and are typically found between colon and bladder
  • Can occur anywhere in the colon but most common in LLQ
    Signs and Symptoms
  • Abdominal pain
  • Tends to be localized to the left side of the lower abdomen
  • Classic signs of infection
  • Fever, malaise, body aches, chills, nausea, and vomiting
29
Q

Crohn’s Disease:

A
  • May affect the entire GI tract
  • Immune system attacks the GI tract.
  • Most likely site of inflammation is the ileum.
  • Scarred, narrow, stiff, and weakened portion of the small intestine
30
Q

Ulcerative Colitis
what is it
signs and symptoms

A 
Caused by 
o	Generalized inflammation of the colon 
o	Chronic inflammation 
o	Thinning of the wall of the intestine 
o	Weakened, dilated colon prone to infections by bacteria and bleeding 
o	Most common second decade of life
  • Signs and Symptoms
    o Bloody diarrhea
    o Abd pain (mild to severe)
31
Q

Lower GI bleeding

A
  • The lower GI tract is located between the upper part of the small intestine and the anus. The lower GI tract includes the small and large bowels.
  • Intestinal Bleeding Causes – Polyps, ulcers, diverticulitis, tumors, radiation therapy
  • Rectroanal Area bleeding – Hemorrhoids resulting from straining
32
Q

Hemorrhoids

A
  • Swelling and inflammation of blood vessels surrounding the rectum
  • Common problem
  • Increased pressure on the rectum
  • Irritation of the rectum
33
Q

Bowel Obstruction

A
  • Presentation Varies according to the underlying cause
  • Signs include abdominal pain and fullness.
    o Rigidity usually all over
    o Look pregnant
  • Diarrhea initially
  • Constipation may eventually result.
  • Nausea and vomiting are common in later stages
  • Extreme cases have feculent breath
34
Q
  • Hematochezia
A

bright red bleeding

35
Q
  • Hyperperistalsis

- Hypoperistalsis

A
  • Hyperperistalsis: Increased activity in the bowel

- Hypoperistalsis: decreased bowel sounds

36
Q
  • Absent bowel sounds
A

mean no sounds for 2 mins

37
Q
  • Biliary pain
A

commonly radiates around the right side of the back and angle of the scapula

38
Q
  • Pancreatic pain
A

goes straight through the epigastrium to the back in the midline

39
Q
  • Blood/puss under the diaphragm
A

may present as pain in the top of the shoulder

40
Q
  • A leaking or ruptured aneurism
A

causing abdominal pain and back pain which may radiate to upper thighs

41
Q
  • Uterine and rectal pain
A

will present in suprapubic area, lower back or both

42
Q

Visceral pain

A
  • Hollow organs
  • Difficult to localize: described as burning, cramping, gnawing or aching usually felt superficially
  • Cause: organ contracts too forcefully or is distended (stretched)
43
Q

Parietal pain/ rebound pain

A
  • Peritoneum
  • Steady, achy pain, more easy to localize than visceral, pain increases with movement
  • Causes: inflammation of the peritoneum
44
Q

Somatic pain

A
  • Peripheral nerve tracts
  • Well localized pain usually felt deeply
  • inflammation or injury to tissue, causing activation of peripheral nerve tracts
45
Q

Referred pain

A
  • peripheral nerve tracts
  • pain originating in the abdomen and causes pain in distant locations; similar paths for the peripheral nerves of the abdomen and the distant location
  • causes: usually occurs after an initial visceral, parietal or somatic pain

emer 115 (7 decks)

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