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AP4 > Class 4&5 - Metabolism & Nutrition > Flashcards

Class 4&5 - Metabolism & Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

A typical cell has about ___ ATP molecules

A

1 million

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2
Q

A molecule of ATP lasts about __ before being used

A

1 minute

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3
Q

__% of energy released in catabolism is used for cellular functions, the rest is converted into heat to maintain the body’s temperature

A

40%

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4
Q

Oxidation reactions involve the ___ of ___ from an atom, which _____ its potential energy.

A

REMOVAL, ELECTRONS, DECREASES

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5
Q

Redox reactions involve the ____ of ____ to a molecule which ____ its potential energy

A

ADDITION, ELECTRONS, INCREASES

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6
Q

What are the two biological coenzymes in the human body? What are they derivates of?

A

NAD+ (niacin)

FAD (riboflavin)

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7
Q

Oxidation reactions usually involve loss of ___ atoms. Reduction reactions usually involve gaining these atoms.

A

Hydrogen

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8
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

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9
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

when a phosphate group is transferred to ADP directly from a substrate (Kreb’s cycle)

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10
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in the…

A

cytosol

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11
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the…

A

mitochondria

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12
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

when electrons are liberated from electron donors to electron acceptors (such as oxygen, like in the ETC)

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13
Q

Oxidation = removal of electrons from an atom. Oxidative phosphorylation means these electrons are then transferred to electron acceptors (reduction), which then power ATP synthesis.

A

good job

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14
Q

Oxidation is usually an _____ reaction

A

exergonic

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15
Q

A highly reduced compound has many ___ atoms

A

hydrogen

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16
Q

a lower energy, oxidized compound has many ____ atoms

A

oxygen

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17
Q

Oxidation of glucose means that…

A

hydrogen atoms are removed (electrons removed/released)

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18
Q

How does the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule affect its potential energy?

A

increases it (release of the phosphate group will release energy) - it’s temporary energy storage

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19
Q

Transferring a high energy phosphate group directly to ADP is an example of…

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

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20
Q

Carbs represent what percentage of the body’s weight?

A

2-3%

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21
Q

Hydrolytic enzymes in the S.I. break carbs down into what simple sugars?

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

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22
Q

Glucose constitutes about __% of the simple sugars absorbed in the intestines

A

80%

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23
Q

The only sugar normally found in blood is..

A

glucose

24
Q

Glucose may follow 1 of 4 paths in the body:

A

ATP production
amino acid synthesis
glycogen synthesis/glycogenesis
triglyceride synthesis

25
Q

What happens when glucose is phosphorylated? Does this use or create ATP?

A

it becomes glucose-6-phosphate

uses ATP

26
Q

The liver can store about ___ of glycogen. Skeletal mm can store about ____.

A

125g (liver)

375 (skeletal mm)

27
Q

Once the glycogen storage capacity is reached in the body, what happens to excess glucose?

A

triglyceride synthesis –> stored in adipose tissue

28
Q

Glucose enters intestinal cells for absorption via ____, but the rest of the body’s cells via _____.

A

secondary active transport (requires ATP)

facilitated diffusion (does not require ATP)

29
Q

What method of secondary active transport does glucose enter body cells via?

A

Na+/glucose symporters

30
Q

How is insulin able to increase uptake of glucose into cells?

A

stimulates insertion of GluT transporters into the cell membrane

31
Q

Insulin is NOT required for glucose uptake in what types for cells?

A

actively working skeletal mm cells

32
Q

Glucose entry is ALWAYS on/active/possible in what two types of cells?

A

hepatocytes and neurons

33
Q

Only ____ contain the enzymes to convert G6P back into glucose

A

hepatocytes

34
Q

The process of glycolysis oxidizes one glucose molecule to produce what 6 molecules?

A

2 pyruvic acid
2 ATP (well it produces 4 but consumes 2)
2 NADH + H+

35
Q

If oxygen is scarce after glycolysis, pyruvic acid will be reduced to form ____, which also allows for regeneration of _____

A

lactic acid

NAD+

36
Q

How do 2 pyruvic acid + 2 NAD H + H+ become 2 lactic acid + 2 NAD+?

A

Each pyruvic acid molecule gains 2 H+ molecules (4 H+) to create 2 lactic acid + 2 NAD+

37
Q

If conditions are aerobic, pyruvic acid will enter ____ via a _______

A

mitochondria via a transporter protein

38
Q

Within the mitochondria, pyruvic acid is converted into _______

A

acetyl coenzyme A

39
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

matrix of the mitochondria

40
Q

The Krebs cycle starts with ____ and ends with ____

A

citric acid

oxalecetic acid

41
Q

For each turn of the Krebs cycle, how much ATP is produced?

A

1

42
Q

What is the most important outcome of the Krebs cycle?

A

Formation of NADH and FADH2, which will later yield many more ATP from the ETC

43
Q

How much CO2 is liberated from the Krebs cycle?

A

6 molecules

44
Q

How does the ETC work?

A

it’s a series of integral proteins in the very folded inner membrane of the mitochondria that function as electron carriers -> each carrier is oxidized or reduced as it picks up or gives up electrons. As electrons pass through, energy is released and ATP is formed.

45
Q

What is the final ETC electron acceptor?

A

oxygen

46
Q

For every molecule of NADH + H+, how many ATP are generated?

For every molecule of FADH2, how many ATP are generated?

A

NADH + H+ = 2-3 ATP

FADH2 = 1-2 ATP

47
Q

Cellular respiration will generate either __ or __ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose catabolized

A

30-32

48
Q

The final result of cellular respiration is:

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 30-32 ATP

49
Q

Glycogenesis in the liver and skeletal muscle is stimulated by ____

A

insulin

50
Q

Glycogenolysis splits up glycogen into G6P via ____ which is stimulated by either ___ or ____.

A

via phosphorylation

glucagon & NE

51
Q

Lactic acid generated in muscle cells from glycolysis can be converted back into glucose by….

A

the liver

52
Q

Gluconeogenesis is the generation of new glucose from _____

A

non-carb sources

53
Q

What 3 non-carb molecules in the body can be converted into glucose?

A

amino acids (60% of them)
lactic acid
glycerol

54
Q

Amino acids and lactic acid can be converted into…

A

pyruvic acid

55
Q

What hormones stimulate gluconeogenesis?

A

cortisol and glucagon

56
Q

True or false: thyroid hormones can mobilize proteins or triglycerides to make them available for gluconeogenesis

A

true

57
Q

True or false: fatty acids can be converted directly into glucose

A

false

AP4 (3 decks)

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