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Pharmacology > Ethanol > Flashcards

Ethanol Flashcards

1
Q

_____+______ = ethanol + CO2

A

yeast + sugar = ethanol + CO2

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2
Q

> ____% alcohol concentration is achieved via distillation

A

25%

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3
Q

> 25% alcohol concentration is achieved via ________

A

distillation

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4
Q

physiological effects of alcohol occur with _____ quantities

A

gram

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5
Q

volume and %AbV of Regular Beer

A

12 oz, 5.0% AbV

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6
Q

volume and %AbV of White Wine

A

5 oz, 12.0% AbV

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7
Q

volume and %AbV of Red Wine

A

4 oz, 15.0% AbV

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8
Q

volume and %AbV of Liquor

A

1.5oz, 40.0% AbV

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9
Q

proof = ?

A

%AbV x 2

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10
Q

what are “standard drinks”

A

contain same amt of alcohol in grams

Regular Beer, Wine, and Liquor all contain 14 grams of alcohol

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11
Q

primary absorption of alcohol occurs in the ________

A

duodenum

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12
Q

BAC stands for

A

blood alcohol concentration

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13
Q

6 things that affect peak BAC

A 
Volume/Percent Ethanol
Rate of Drinking
Food Consumption
Gastric Emptying
Gastric Metabolism (ADH)
Hepatic First Pass Metabolism
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14
Q

what effect does food have on alcohol absorption

A

SLOWS absorption

especially carb/protein rich foods

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15
Q

what effect does HIGH alcohol concentration have on gastric emptying

A

SLOWS gastric motility

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16
Q

what effect does LOW alcohol concentration have on gastric emptying

A

ACCELERATES gastric motility

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17
Q

drugs that ENHANCE gastric emptying have what effect on alcohol absorption

A

INCREASE alcohol absorption

ex: antihistamines, phenothiazines, metoclopramide

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18
Q

Examples of drugs that enhance gastric emptying

A

antihistamines, phenothiazines, metoclopramide

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19
Q

what is the effect of carbonated beverages on alcohol absoprtion

A

INCREASE alcohol absorption (via increased gastric pressure)

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20
Q

what does “increased alcohol absorption” mean in terms of alcohol concentration

A

increased alcohol concentration

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21
Q

what hormone is being referred to when talking about gastric metabolism and what effect does it have

A

ADH in the stomach, decreases amount of alcohol that gets to duodenum

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22
Q

male or female: increased ADH in the stomach

A

Males

increased gastric metabolism–> decreased absorption

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23
Q

male or female: more subcutaneous fat

A

female

fat has poor solubility

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24
Q

male or female: greater blood volume/greater volume of water

A

male

dilutes ethanol in blood stream

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25
Q

percentage of water in males

A

55-65%

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26
Q

percentage of water in females

A

45-50%

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27
Q

BAC = _______ alcohol per unit ______

A

GRAMS of alcohol per unit VOLUME

g/100mL, g/dL, mg/mL, g%, %, g/L (Europe)

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28
Q

1g/dL = __% BAC

A

1% BAC

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29
Q

1% BAC = __g/dL

A

1g/dL

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30
Q

Ethanol is primarily metabolized in the liver by ____

A

ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase)

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31
Q

what 2 enzymes account for >90% of ethanol metabolism

A

ADH and ALDH (alcohol DH and aldehyde DH)

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32
Q

rate limiting step in alcohol metabolism

A

ADH

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33
Q

microsomal oxidizing system

A

Cytochrome p450s

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34
Q

cytochrome p450s are known as the

A

microsomal oxidizing system

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35
Q

what CYP accounts for ~10% of ethanol metabolism

A

CYP2E1

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36
Q

CYP2E1 accounts for __% of ethanol metabolism

A

10%

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37
Q

what drug is used for methanol and isopropyl poisoning

A

Fomepizole

inhibits ADH, can’t form toxic metbolites

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38
Q

Fomepizole is used for

A

methanol and isopropyl poisoning

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39
Q

MOA of Fomepizole

A

inhibits ADH, can’t form toxic metabolites (Formaldehyde)

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40
Q

what 2 drugs inhibit CYP2E1 (drug interxns)

A

Warfarin and Phenytoin

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41
Q

chronic ethanol use _______ CYP2E1 expression and raises the risk for ____ toxicity

A

induces, CCl4 toxicity

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42
Q

interactions with catalase and CYPs increase _____ toxicity

A

acetaminophen

limits glutathione regeneration

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43
Q

how does CYP2E1 enhance oxidative stress

A

uses NADPH; limits NADPH needed for glutathione regeneration

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44
Q

CYP2E1 uses _____ which limits the regeneration of _______

A

NADPH, glutathione

45
Q

what drug blocks ALDH

A

Disulfiram

46
Q

what drug causes an accumulation of acetaldehyde when ethanol is consumed (makes you feel yucky to help stop drinking)

A

Disulfiram

47
Q

Disulfiram inhibits _____

A

ALDH

48
Q

accumulation of ______ and ______ may produce metabolic disorders

A

acetyl-CoA and NADH

ethanol impairs function of NAD+ requiring enzymes –> decrease TCA cycle –> accumulation of acetyl-CoA

49
Q

accumulation of acetyl-CoA supports ____ synthesis and ____ storage

A

fatty acid synthesis, triglyceride storgae

50
Q

what leads to alcoholic liver disease

A

ketone bodies accrue, accumulation of fat, protein, water in liver

51
Q

_______ NAD+/NADH ratio contributes to hypoglycemia

A

decreased

52
Q

caloric density of ethanol

A

7 kcal/g

53
Q

caloric density of protein, carbs, and fat

A

protein and carbs = 4 kcal/g

fat = 9 kcal/g

54
Q

ethanol metabolism produces ______

A

calories

55
Q

ethanol follows ______ order elimination at VERY LOW BAC (<0.01 - IRRELEVANT)

A

first order

56
Q

ethanol follows ____ order elimination at any relevant BAC (>0.01)

A

zero order (constant elimination)

57
Q

BAC decreases _____% per hour

A

0.017% per hour

58
Q

elimination rate of ethanol

A

0.017% per hour

59
Q

how to solve BAC Elimination questions

A
  1. convert BAC to a percent (1g/dL = 1% BAC)
  2. Divide %BAC by elimination rate (0.017%/hr) to find # of hours
  3. Add the time from step 2 to starting time to find when BAC = 0
60
Q

effect of gender on elimination

A

NO EFFECT!!!!!

gender effects absorption, distribution, and metabolism–but NOT elimination

61
Q

%BAC when mood elevation, muscle relaxation, and decreased vigilance

A

0.02-0.03%

62
Q

%BAC when relaxation, warmth, slowed reaction, and decreased fine muscle coordination

A

0.05-0.06%

63
Q

%BAC when impaired balance, speech, hearing, and gross muscle coordination

A

0.08-0.09%

64
Q

%BAC when gross impairment of physical and mental control

A

0.10-0.15%

65
Q

%BAC when severely intoxicated, very little control of mind or body

A

0.20-0.30%

66
Q

%BAC when unconscious, deep coma, death from respiratory depression

A

0.40-0.50%

67
Q

legal limit for driving

A

0.08

68
Q

2 reasons why females would have a greater BAC

A

smaller water/mass ratio, decreased gastric metabolism in females (increased absorption)

69
Q

ethanol can be detected in what 4 ways

A

breath, urine, blood, and hair

70
Q

glutamate binds to the _____ receptor

A

NMDA

71
Q

what binds to NMDA receptor

A

glutamate

72
Q

“gas pedal”/excitatory neurotransmitter

A

glutamate

73
Q

NMDA receptor permits the influx of ____ ions

A

Calcium

74
Q

ethanol ______ calcium channel opening at the NMDA receptor

A

INHIBITS CHANNEL OPENING

75
Q

“brake pedal”/inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

GABA

76
Q

GABAa receptor permits the influx of ____ ions

A

Chloride

77
Q

ethanol ______ chloride channel opening at the GABAa receptor

A

INCREASES chloride channel opening (frequency and duration)

78
Q

Ethanol ______ glutamatergic activity and ______ GABAergic activity

A

DECREASES glutamatergic, INCREASES GABAergic

79
Q

ethanols intoxicating effects move from the _____ part of the brain to the _____ part of the brain as the dose increases

A

rostral to caudal

front to back

80
Q

alcohol induced blackout is also known as

A

anterograde amnesia

81
Q

what is associated with BAC > 0.20 and/or rapid increase in BAC

A

blackout/anterograde amnesia

82
Q

what 2 things are associated with an alcohol induced blackout

A

BAC > 0.20

rapid increase in BAC

83
Q

the severity of intoxication at a given BAC is greater with rising than falling gas called the ______ effect

A

Mellanby effect

84
Q

the Mellanby effect states that the intoxication at a given BAC is ________ when rising than falling

A

greater

85
Q

alcohol associated dementia is known as

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

86
Q

what vitamin deficiency is associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

thiamine

87
Q

those with ______ levels of dependency are more susceptible to greater withdrawal severity

A

higher dependency

88
Q

there is a direct relationship between ______ and withdrawal severity

A

tolerance

89
Q

does tolerance develop to all effects

A

NO

also develops at diff magnitudes and rates

90
Q

repeated withdrawal episodes leads to

A

kindling

91
Q

kindling is associated with an abrupt imbalance of ______ and ______ activity

A

glutamatergic and GABAergic

92
Q

an abrupt imbalance of glutamaterigic and GABAergic activity

A

kindling

93
Q

ethanol withdrawal can be _____

A

FATAL

94
Q

progression of ethanol withdrawal is ______

A

variable

95
Q

ethanol induced hangover is an ______ withdrawal syndrome mediated in part by _______ accumulation and _______

A

ACUTE withdrawal syndrome, ACETALDEHYDE accumulation, DEHYDRATION

96
Q

severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms, can be fatal

A

delirium tremens

97
Q

group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank during pregnancy

A

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

98
Q

assume ethanol interacts with

A

ALL MEDICATIONS

99
Q

a persons _______ of alcohol use influences the effects of some medications

A

History

chronic alcohol use decreases effect of rifampin

100
Q

some drug-alcohol interactions are ________

A

life threatening

alcohol + anti-coagulants

101
Q

3 medications to treat Alcohol Use Disorder

A

Disulfiram, Naltrexone, Acamprosate

102
Q

Disulfiram inhibits ______, which increases _____ concentrations after drinking. reinforces abstinence to avoid the adverse reaction

A

inhibits ALDH, increases acetaldehyde concentrations

103
Q

which drug inhibits ALDH, which leads to acetaldehyde accumulation when drinking. which causes adverse effect that reinforce abstinence

A

Disulfiram

104
Q

Naltrexone is a ______ receptor _______. decreases feelings of ______ and ______

A

opioid receptor antagonist, decreases reward and cravings

105
Q

which drug is an opioid receptor antagonist, which causes a decreased feeling of reward and decreased cravings

A

Naltrexone

106
Q

Acamprosate is a _______ receptor antagonist and an activator of ______ receptors. decreases _______ symptoms

A

NMDA receptor antagonist, activator of GABA

decreases withdrawal symptoms

107
Q

which drug is an NMDA receptor antagonist and an activator for GABA receptors which decreases withdrawal symptoms

A

Acamprosate

108
Q

binge drinking brings a persons BAC to ____g% or above

A

0.08

109
Q

binge drinking for men is ____ drinks and women is ____ drinks in ___ hours

A

men: 5 drinks, women: 4 drinks, in 2 hours

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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