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LGS Biology > B6.3 - Part 1 Monitoring and maintaining health > Flashcards

B6.3 - Part 1 Monitoring and maintaining health Flashcards

1
Q

What is disease?

A

A condition caused by any part of the body not functioning properly, causing mental and/or physical effects.

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2
Q

What is the different between communicable and non-communicable disease?

A
  • Communicable diseases are diseases that can be spread between organisms - infectious or contagious disease
  • Non-communicable diseases are diseases that cannot be spread between organisms
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3
Q

Define health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being (as defined by the WHO)

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4
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism that causes disease.

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5
Q

Name four type of pathogen.

A
  1. Fungi
  2. Bacteria
  3. Virus
  4. Protozoa
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6
Q

Why are people with HIV more likely to catch tuberculosis?

A

HIV causes AIDs which weakens their immune system making them more susceptible to infection with tuberculosis and other infections.

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7
Q

What can HPV lead to?

A

HPV can lead to certain types of cervical cancer.

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8
Q

How can pathogens be spread between animals?

A
  • Droplet infection - respiratory system, inhaling pathogens
  • Eating contaminated food or drink - digestive system
  • Through cuts in the skin
  • Sharing needles
  • Direct contact
  • Sexual intercourse
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9
Q

How can pahtogens spread between plants?

A
  • Vectors such as insects
  • Wind - fungal spores blown
  • Direct contact with sap of infected plant
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10
Q

Name three ways the spread of animal disease can be reduced?

A
  • Covering mouth/nose when coughing/sneezing
  • Not touching infected people of objects
  • Using protection - protective suits, masks, shields, condoms
  • Not sharing needles
  • Hand washing
  • Cooking food properly
  • Drinking clean water
  • Insect repellent / nets
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11
Q

Name four mehtods of prevening diesease in plants and animals used in farming.

A
  1. Burning dieseased plant material
  2. Herd slaughtering - BSE, foot and moth diseasw
  3. Drugs & isolation of diseased animals
  4. Movement/transport bans upon diesease animals
  5. Chemical dips to kill pathogens upon aminals and footwear
  6. Vaccination programs
  7. Fungicides
  8. Pesticides
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12
Q

Name one bacterial disease that affects humans.

A
  • Samonella. Found in raw meat, eggs, unwashed raw vegetables and unpasturised milk. Transimmted by ingesting infected food. Symptoms = fever, sickness and diarrhoea
  • Campylobacter. Found in raw meat, unpasturised milk and untreated water. Transimmted by ingesting infected food. Symptoms = fever, sickness and diarrhoea
  • E.Coli. Found in raw and undercooked meat, unpasturised milk and dairy products. Transimmted by ingesting infected food. Symptoms = fever, sickness and diarrhoea
  • Chlamydia. Sexually transmitted. Pain when urinating, discharge from penis or vagina.
  • Gonorrhoea. Sexually transmitted. Pain when urinating, discharge from vagina.
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13
Q

Describe one bacterial disease that affects plants.

A
  • Crown gall disease (Agrobacterium tumefaciens)
  • Transmitted through cuts in the stems of plants.
  • Plants display tumor type growths
  • Tumours encircle stem/trunk cutting off flow of sap.
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14
Q

Describe one viral disease that affects humans.

A
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) - Transmitted through bodily fluids and commonly spread through sexual activity. Symptoms include rash and fever like symptoms (intial), invades immune cells preventing them from producing antibodies, leading to AIDs.
  • Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) - Transmitted through bodily fluids and commonly spread through sexual activity. Symptoms include genital warts, throat warts, cancers of the genitals, head, neck, and throat.
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15
Q

Describe one viral disease that affects plants.

A
  • Tobacco Mosaic Virus
  • Transmitted through direct contact
  • Symptoms include spots and a yellow coloured masaic pattern.
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16
Q

Describe one fungal disease that affects animals.

A
  • Athletes foot
  • Transmitted through driect contact or contact with skin particles (on shared towels/socks/shoes)
  • Dry crack skin between the toes
17
Q

Describe one fungal disease that affects plants.

A
  • Erysiphe graminis (barley podery mildew)
  • Transmitted through vectors like aphids in cold damp environments
  • Symtpoms include powdery growth and yellowing on the opposite side of the leaf
18
Q

Name two physical plant defences against disease.

A
  • Thick cell wall
  • Waxy cuticle
19
Q

How do plants use chemical defences to prevent diesase?

A
  • Insect repellents to repel insect vectors e.g. pine resin & citronella
  • Insecticides e.g. pyrethrins made by chrysanthemums
  • Antibacterial compounds e.g. phenols which disrupts bacterial cell walls & defensins which disrupts bacterial cell membranes
  • Antifungal compounds e.g. chitinases which breakdown fungal cell walls and caffeine which is toxic to fungi and insects.
  • Antimicrobial chemicals e.g. cyanide production when plant cell attacked
20
Q

State three ways palnt disease can be identified.

A
  • Analysis DNA to see whether the plant contains any pathogen DNA
  • Antigen detection to find any foreing antigens present in the plant
  • Obervation of symptoms
  • Microscopy
21
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Platelets are small fragments of cells that are involved in blood clotting.

22
Q

How does a scab form?

A
  • Skin is cut and starts to bleed
  • Platelets change the blood protein fibronogen into fibrin which is fiberous.
  • Fibrin forms a network of fibres in the cut
  • Red blood cells are trapped in the fibre to form a clot
  • The clot hardens to form a scab.
23
Q

State the human bodies defence mechanisms against microorganisms.

A
  • Skin - Physical barrier. Sweat glands produce oils the help to kill microorganisms
  • Scabs - prevent microorganisms entering via wounds
  • Stomach acid - low pH kills pathogens
  • Cillia & mucas in airways - trap & waft
  • Nasal hairs
  • Tears - lysozymes
  • Earwax
  • White blood cells - phagocytes & lymphocytes
24
Q

What is the function of white blood cells.

A
  • Phagocytes are involved in phagocytosis - engulfing pathogens and then making enzymes that digest the microorganism (non-specific)
  • Lymphocytes make antitoxins or antibodies (specific)
25
Q

What are antibodies?

A
  • Proteins found on the surface of lymphocytes that bind to antigens upon the surface of microorganism
  • Once bound the pathogen can be engulfed by a phagocyte cell
  • Each antibody only binds to one type of antigen
  • New antibodies must be made by lymphocytes every time a new type of microorganism enters the body (primary response)
  • WBCs are able to make the same antibodies more quickly if infection occurs again (secondary response)
26
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Laboratory generated antibodies used in diagnositcs and treatment.

27
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A
  • Genetically modified mice are injected with antigens
  • The mouse produces an immune response producing lymphocytes with antibodies specific to the antigen
  • The antibody prodcuning lymphocytes are collected and fused with myeloma (cancer) cells from the bone marrow
  • The fused cell is called a hybrioma.
  • The hybridoma grows rapidly forming clones which produce the antibody.
  • The antibody is harvested = monoclonal antibodies.
28
Q

Name three uses of monoclonal antibodies.

A
  1. Pregnancy tests
  2. Detection of cancerous tissue
  3. Drug delivery to cancer cells
  4. Identificaton of pathogens
  5. Drug testing
29
Q

What is the difference between anitbiotic and antivirals?

A
  • Antibiotics kill bacteria
  • Antivirals inhibit the reproduction of viruses
30
Q

What are antiseptics?

A

Substances applied external to the body to kill pathogens.

31
Q

How do vaccines work?

A
  • Dead or inactive pathogens are injected into the body
  • The antigens in the vaccine stimule lymphocytes to make antibodies against the pathogen
  • The antibodies lead to the destruction of antigens without risk of you getting the disease.
  • Memory cells are created to provide long term immunity
32
Q

What is the ‘halo’ around discs of bacterial growth called, caused by antibiotics.

A

Zone of inhibition.

33
Q

What is aseptic technique?

A

An approach to working, which prevent cross-contamination from unwanted microorganisms.

34
Q

State three important steps when culturing microorganisms in the laboratory?

A
  • Clean surfaces with alcohol
  • Wear gloves
  • Autoclave glassware and apparatus before and after use
  • Keep the culture closed until it is needed
  • Use a bunsen burner to sterilise wire loop
  • Work close to the bunsen flame
35
Q

What are the stages in the development of new medicines?

A
  • Research the drug and test it upon lab grown cells
  • Test the drug upon animals - data from two animal species required in the UK before testing upon humans
  • Clinical trial 1 - test upon healthy volunteers
  • Clinical trial 2 - test upon a small sample of people with the disease
  • Clinical trial 3 - test upon a large number of people with the disease
  • If all stages passed approval granted by the MRHA
  • Continued studies undertaken after approval to monitor side effects
36
Q

What is the 3 R’s principle?

A
  • Reduction - smallest number of animals possible
  • Refinement - improving experiements to avoid unnecessary suffering and improve animal care
  • Replacement - where possible, replacing animals with other techniques e.g. cell cultures or computer models

LGS Biology (21 decks)

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