Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles of Management > Organizational Structure > Flashcards

Organizational Structure Flashcards

1
Q

A _____ is a choice made from available alternatives.

A

decision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

According to Kahneman, System 1 thinking is _____.

A

intuitive and largely unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the steps of the rational model of decision making in the correct order, with the first step listed at the top and the last step listed at the bottom.

A
  1. Identify the problem/opportunity
  2. Think of alternative solutions
  3. Evaluate alternatives and select a solution
  4. Implement and evaluate the solution chosen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following function as the first stage in rational decision making by managers?

A

customer complaints

poor product quality

sales shortfalls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following are true regarding the second stage in the rational model of decision making?

A

Creativity precedes innovation and has been described as the source of all intellectual property.

Once you have identified a problem or an opportunity and diagnosed its causes, you need to come up with both obvious and creative alternative solutions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which of the following is an accurate description of decision making?

A

the process of identifying and choosing alternative courses of action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the third stage of the rational model of decision making?

A

Evaluate alternatives and select a solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Select all that apply

According to Kahneman, which of the following characteristics describe System 2 thinking?

A

Deliberate, analytical, conscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In the fourth stage of rational decision making, managers will _____.

A

implement and evaluate the chosen solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which model of decision making explains how managers should use logic to determine the optimal means of furthering the organization’s best interests?

A

the rational model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Select all that apply

Which of these assumptions are made in the rational model of decision making?

A

Managers will always select the course of action that they know will most benefit the organization.

Managers have complete, error-free information about alternative courses of action and their consequences.

Managers are able to make logical decisions without prejudice or emotional blind spots.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The first stage in the rational decision-making process involves _____.

A

identifying the problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which models are characteristic nonrational models of decision making?

A

Models that describe how managers actually make decisions rather than how they should

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the most valuable competitive resource for a manager who needs alternative solutions to a problem?

A

Employees with ideas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The concept that suggests that the ability of decision makers to be rational is limited by numerous constraints, such as complexity, time and money, and their cognitive capacity, values, skills, habits, and unconscious reflexes, is known as ______________ rationality.

A

bounded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following questions would you use to evaluate alternatives in the third stage of the rational model of decision making?

A

Is it ethical?

Is it feasible?

Is it ultimately effective?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which model of decision making emphasizes choosing the first solution that meets the criteria rather than the optimal choice?

A

satisficing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Select all that apply

Successful implementation of major decisions requires which of the following?

A

Careful planning and sensitivity to those affected by the decision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

“Going with your gut,” or _____, is making a choice without the use of conscious thought or logical inference.

A

intuition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The rational model of decision-making is considered _____ in that it describes how managers should make decisions, rather than how they actually make them.

A

prescriptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Select all that apply

Which of these are reasons for chief executive officers (CEOs) getting increasingly ousted for ethical violations in the 21st century?

A

Globalization allows businesses to operate in regions where ethical risks are greater.

The 24/7 news cycle places more scrutiny on unethical behavior.

Digital communications are more susceptible to hackers and whistleblowers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Satisficing and intuition are two ____________ models of decision making.

A

nonrational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A graph of decisions and their possible consequences used to create a plan is known as a(n) ______.

A

decision tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Simon believed that managers can never act truly logically because of their __________.

A

bounded rationality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Evidence-based management attempts to introduce which factor into the decision-making process?

A

rationality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

“Close enough is good enough” best characterizes which model of decision making?

A

satisficing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Making a choice without the use of conscious thought or logical inference is known as using ___.

A

intuition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Select all that apply

Which of these are examples of business analytics?

A

Time-series forecast

Portfolio analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

True or False

CEOs are at a higher risk of being fired for ethical violations than ever before because the public has become less forgiving of unethical behavior.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

True or False

CEOs are at a higher risk of being fired for ethical violations than ever before because the public has become less forgiving of unethical behavior.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Constance Bagley’s decision tree is specifically designed for use when _____.

A

making ethical choices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

A data-mining technique used to predict future behavior and anticipate the consequences of change is known as _____ modeling.

A

predictive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Evidence-based decision relies on ______.

A

observations about what actually works

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following are examples of Big Data?

A

surveillance data

social network communications

data in corporate databases

web browsing data trails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

A person’s decision-making style is a combination of how a person perceives something as well as _____.

A

how they respond to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Sophisticated forms of business data analysis are known as business _________.

A

analytics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Value orientation reflects the extent to which an individual focuses on which of the following dimensions?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

People with a(n) _______ decision-making style have a low tolerance for ambiguity and are task-oriented. They are efficient, logical, and practical in their approach to solving problems and making decisions. Which style do they use?

A

directive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

True or False

Predictive modeling is a groupthink technique.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Select all that apply

Analytical decision makers:

A

take time to make decisions

may overanalyze a situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Stores of data that are so large or complex that it is difficult to process them using traditional database management applications are known as _____.

A

Big Data

41
Q

Select all that apply

Decision-making styles vary along which two dimensions?

A

Tolerance for ambiguity

Value orientation

42
Q

Select all that apply

People with a conceptual decision-making style are likely to do which of the following?

A

Rely on intuition, find creative solutions, and take risks

43
Q

_____________ reflects the extent to which a person focuses on either task and technical concerns or people and social concerns when making decisions.

A

value orientation

44
Q

Select all that apply

People with a behavioral decision making style are more likely to:

A

have a hard time saying no and avoid conflict

45
Q

People with a(n) _______ decision-making style have a low tolerance for ambiguity and are task oriented. They are efficient, logical, and practical in their approach to solving problems and making decision. Which style do they use?

A

directive

46
Q

Select all that apply

Which of these describe how knowledge of decision-making styles affects managers’ work?

A

It gives managers an understanding of how different people reach different conclusions.

It allows managers to better identify personal strengths and weaknesses.

47
Q

Which one of the following best describes the decisions made by a person with an analytical style?

A

Carefully considers lots of information and alternatives.

48
Q

______ are strategies such as “rules of thumb” that simplify decision-making.

A

heuristics

49
Q

In the ______ bias, managers use information readily available from memory to make judgments.

A

availability

50
Q

Which decision-making style is characterized by a high tolerance for ambiguity and the consideration of many options together with a willingness to take risks?

A

conceptual

51
Q

Which decision-making style is the most people-oriented of the four styles?

A

behavioral

52
Q

The _____ bias reflects our tendency to generalize from a small sample or single event.

A

representativeness

53
Q

Knowledge of decision-making styles can assist managers in many ways except for which one of the following?

A

It increases the biases of the managers toward their favorite style.

54
Q

Heuristics are strategies that ______ the process of making decisions.

A

simplify

55
Q

“Don’t tell me the truth; just tell me what I want to hear” is an example of the _______ bias.

A

confirmation

56
Q

True or False

The availability bias means that your manager may give more weight to your most recent work rather than everything you have done over the course of year.

A

True

57
Q

Apex Enterprises spent a large amount of money to customize a pumping system it bought many years ago. A supplier is now offering a new pumping system that will save the company money in the long term. However, Apex decides to keep the older system because it has already spent so much money on the older system. What type of bias is this an example of?

A

sunk-cost

58
Q

A manager that hires all applicants that have graduated from a certain college because a particularly good employee came from that same college is an example of _____.

A

representativeness bias

59
Q

Sam gave employees a 5% raise last year and expects to give the same percentage raise this year, even though it will push his company’s salaries above what is normally paid in the industry. This is an example of the _____ bias.

A

anchoring and adjustment

60
Q

The _____ bias occurs when people seek data to support their point of view and disregard information that does not support it.

A

confirmation

61
Q

You fall prey to the overconfidence bias when you ______ your knowledge or expertise in a decision situation.

A

overestimate

62
Q

In the ______ bias, managers use information readily available from memory to make judgments.

A

availability

63
Q

Which of these is another term for hindsight bias?

A

the “I knew it all along” effect

64
Q

The ______ bias is demonstrated when managers add up all the money already spent on a project and conclude it is too costly to simply abandon it.

A

sunk cost

65
Q

The tendency of decision makers to be influenced by the way a situation or problem is presented to them is referred to as the ___ bias.

A

framing

66
Q

Samantha had never traveled to New York City before, but she had been on a recent business trip to Houston. When she learned that the hotel room she wanted in New York City cost $300 per night, she was shocked, because she thought the hotel rooms would be priced similarly to those in Houston. This is an example of the _____ bias.

A

anchoring and adjustment

67
Q

Artificial intelligence aids human decision making by exhibiting superior performance in which of the following activities?

A

Building and analyzing models and simulations to make predictions

68
Q

True or False

Overconfidence bias is the tendency of decision makers to be influenced by the way a situation or problem is presented to them.

A

False

69
Q

Select all that apply

Which of these are areas in which experts believe AI can be applied to decision making?

A

assisted intelligence, augmented intelligence, and autonomous intelligence

70
Q

The tendency of people to view events as being more predictable than they really are is referred to as ___ bias.

A

hindsight

71
Q

Consulting firm Accenture predicts that by 2035 artificial intelligence will have which economic effect?

A

economic growth will double

72
Q

Bob was unsure how his boss was going to react to his proposal, so he was careful to put an upbeat “spin” on the situation to emphasize the positive aspects rather than the negative aspects. Bob’s method of presenting the situation demonstrates the ___ bias.

A

framing

73
Q

In what way is artificial intelligence expected to make business and personal data safer?

A

By monitoring and deflecting the activities of hackers

74
Q

What type of bias refers to the tendency to make decisions based on an initial figure that may or may not be in line with market realities?

A

anchoring and adjustment

75
Q

Which of the following is an advantage of group decision making?

A

intellectual stimulation

76
Q

Artificial intelligence lacks which key feature of human intelligence?

A

common sense

77
Q

When rivals are focused on winning an argument rather than the goal of a meeting and the topics of the meeting are not discussed, it is an example of _____.

A

goal displacement

78
Q

An __ intelligence system learns from human inputs in order to assist humans in making better decisions.

A

augmented

79
Q

By 2035, artificial intelligence is expected to have what effect on labor productivity?

A

It will increase labor productivity by as much as 40%

80
Q

One thing groupthink teaches us is that cohesiveness:

A

isn’t always a good thing

81
Q

Select all that apply

Which of the following are ways in which artificial intelligence is expected to improve the interactions between businesses and employees or consumers?

A

Tailoring products to the personal needs and preferences of individual consumers.

Eliminating human bias from human resources decisions.

Reducing work demands and freeing up more time for family or leisure.

82
Q

All of the following are advantages to group decision making EXCEPT _____.

A

superiors can dominate or intimidate the group

83
Q

Match each symptom of groupthink with its explanation.

a. sense of invulnerability
b. rationalization
c. illusion of unanimity
d. the wisdom of crowds

A

a. sense of invulnerability - Group members have the illusion that nothing can go wrong, breeding excessive optimism and risk taking.
b. rationalization - Pet assumptions underlying the group’s decisions are protected from critical questions.
c. illusion of unanimity - A group member’s silence is interpreted as consent.
d. the wisdom of crowds - Groupthink’s pressure to conform can lead members with different ideas to censor themselves.

84
Q

Goal _____ occurs when the primary goal is subsumed by a secondary goal.

A

displacement

85
Q

Select all that apply

What are three characteristics that affect decision making by a group?

A

The knowledge, size, and efficiency of the group

86
Q

Turbine Manufacturing uses artificial intelligence in its factories to automate basic tasks, freeing human employees to perform more high-level finishing and quality assurance tasks. Which area of artificial intelligence does this illustrate?

A

assisted intelligence

87
Q

Even though not everyone in the meeting agreed with the final decision, the group decided to proceed and replace all existing machine parts in the warehouse. In this situation, the group had _____.

A

reached a consensus

88
Q

Select all that apply

What are common results of groupthink?

A

Loss of new ideas

Failure to consider new information

89
Q

What is the name of a technique used to help groups generate multiple ideas for solving problems in which potential ideas or solutions are collected (sometimes anonymously) and written on a board or flip chart?

A

brainstorming

90
Q

Select all that apply

What are symptoms of groupthink?

A

an illusion of unanimity

rationalization

a sense of invulnerability

91
Q

Electronic brainstorming, also called _____, is a technique used to help members of a group come together over a computer network to generate ideas and alternatives for solving problems.

A

brainwriting

92
Q

All the following are characteristics of group decision-making EXCEPT _____.

A

groups make decisions quickly

93
Q

In the devil’s advocacy technique, the group assigns one person to do which of the following?

A

uncover all possible objections to a plan or idea

94
Q

A consensus is reached when all members are able to express their opinions ______.

A

and reach agreement to support the final decision

95
Q

The managers of Coastal Imports are having a meeting to decide whether the company should raise prices on its best-selling products. During the meeting, the team engages in a debate in which one side argues that the company should lower its prices while the other side argues in favor of raising them. Which problem-solving technique is the group using?

A

the dialectic method

96
Q

After a major product launch, managers at McLaughlin Industries meet to evaluate outcomes and how those outcomes differ from what the group expected. This approach is part of which group problem-solving technique?

A

project post-mortem

97
Q

Michelle met with her five employees around a table and asked each of them to take five minutes to write down what they personally thought their new facility should include. She then collected the information and wrote it on the white board for all of them to view and decide upon. Michelle is using the _____ technique.

A

brainstorming

98
Q

Brainwriting is the process of brainstorming by using _____.

A

a computer network

99
Q

During meetings, Stacy challenges new ideas, even those that she agrees with, in order to make sure that her team has considered every angle. What role is Stacy playing?

A

devil’s advocate

100
Q

In the ______ method, groups engage in a structured debate between opposing positions (thesis and antithesis) with the aim of reaching a consensus.

A

dialectic

101
Q

What is the goal of conducting a project post-mortem?

A

To determine what could be done better and incorporate those insights into future decisions

Principles of Management (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions