Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

how much blood does the circulatory system contain?

A

5 L

7% of body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what type of tissue is blood? why?

A

CT:
formed elements = cell/cell derivatives
fibrinogen -= fiber precursors
plasma = ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

function of blood

A

transport:

  1. gases (O2 + CO2)
  2. nutrients
  3. metabolites
  4. hormones
  5. waste

Also: maintain homeostasis (temperature, pH equilibrium, osmotic balance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the contents of blood in 1mL

A 
55% = plasma
1% = buffy coat
45% = RBC (hematocrit = 45)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Blood plasma contents

A

91% water
8% proteins
1% salts, fasses, nutrients, lipoproteins, hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what proteins are found in blood plasma (and their general function)

A

albumin (transfers recycled fatty acids and hemoglobin from RBC)
globulins (antibodies)
clotting proteins (fibrinogen for sealing leaks in vessels)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the function of albumin

A

transfers recycled fatty acids and hemoglobin from RBC to the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the function of fibrinogen

A

sealing leaks in vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cells of blood

A

RBC, leukocytes (WBC), platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

staining of blood

A

-Blood smear
-monolayer of blood quickly dried and stained with basic dyes (methylene blue, azure) and acid dye (eosin) = Wright stain or Giemsa stain
-erythrocytes = eosin
-WBC nuclei = basic dye
LOOK FOR CELLS NOT ORGANELLES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

reticulocytes

A

new RBC’s that still have a stainable rER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

glycophorins

A

-transmembrane protein on RBC PM that contains A/B antigen for blood typing and function in structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

band 3 proteins

A
  • transmembrane protein on RBC PM that contain an anion exchange pump that exchanges HCO3- with Cl- in lungs
  • important in binding to hemoglobin
  • anchor for cytoskeletal proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

glycophorin C + band 3

A

proteins important in anchoring to cytoplasm
also they bind to peripheral proteins (band 4.1 and ankyrin, respectively ) that provide medhwork that allows for RBC form/deform through the capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

proteins in the mesh of RBC plasma membrane

A

peripheral protein mesh that binds to band 4.1 and ankyrin peripheral proteins (attached to glycophoring C and band 3, respectively)

  • peripheral protein mesh = spectrin, band 4.1, adductin, band 4.9
  • allow for RBC flexility in deform/reform
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

RBC cytoplasm

A

mainly hemoglobin (iron containing protein that carries O2/CO2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

transferrin

A

bring recycled iron from phagocytosized hemoglobin back to the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

anermia

A

low RBC (thus loss of o2 carrying function… no o2 = not enough energy to do things)

symptoms: shortness of breath, fatigue, lethargy
cause: loss of blood, iron deficiency, vitamin deficiency, genetic factos

19
Q

hereditary spherocytosis

A

defect in binding specring to band 4.1.. lose ability to deform/reform RBC
results in round, fragile RBC that are rapidly degraded.. resulting in anemia

20
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

change in the shape of RBC due to a single amino acid mutation in hemoglobin

  • stiff fragile RBC that lose the ability to deform and tend to stick together making circulation through capillaries difficult
  • symptoms: pain, inflammation, and loss of circulation
21
Q

erythropoietin

A

hormone secreted from the kidney that helps regulate RBC production
-athletes take synthetic form to increase performance

22
Q

secondary polycythemia

A

tumors secrete this hormone and drastically build up RBC count

23
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • produced in bone marrow
  • use blood as a highway to reach CT (where they are active)
  • contain nucleus
  • granulocytes = “phils” (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
  • agranulocytes = “cytes” (lymphocytes, monocytes
24
Q

granulocytes

A
  • named based on their affinity for stain
  • PMNs, eosinophils, basophils
  • all contain a SINGLE nucleus (lobated or irregular)
  • inactive until enter CT via diapedesis
25
Q

specific neutrophilic granules

A
  • pink dusty background stain
  • contain antibacterial proteolytic enzymes (lysozyme, lactoferritin) that fuse with phagosome allowing for phagocytosis of BACTERIA
  • *SMALLER AND LESS ELECTRON DENSE THAN NONSPECIFIC
26
Q

azurophils in PMNs

A
  • nonspecific granules
  • lysosomes (with elastase)
  • contain antimicrobial peptides (defensins) and myeloperoxidase (produce hyperchlorite)
  • larger and fewer that specific granules in PMNs
  • fuse with phagosome (begin to act when pH is low enough) and release hydrolases and peroxidase
27
Q

eosinophil function

A

anti-parasitic and decrease allergic inflammatory response (via histaminase and arylsulfatase)

28
Q

specific granules in eosinophil contain

A

antiparasitic substances (major basic protein, cationic protein, neurotoxins, peroxidase) + anti-inflammatory substances (histaminase + arylsufatase to counteract leukotrienes)

29
Q

specific granules in basophil contain

A

histamine, heparin, chemotactic factors for PMNs and eosinophil

30
Q

eosinophil function

A 
allergic reaction (similar reaction as mast cells).. antigenic stimulation. 
cause increased inflammation (release histamine, heparin, chemotactic factors from granules.. this lets the formation of leukotriene for increased inflammatory response)
31
Q

agranulocytes

A

single NONLOBED nucleus
HAVE NON-SPECIFIC GRANULES, LACK SPECIFIC GRANULES
inactive in blood (highway) until in CT

32
Q

what is the major organelle found in lymphocytes

A

ribosomes

33
Q

what type of immunity are t-cells for? b-cells?

A 
t-cells = cellular immunity
b-cells = humoral immunity
34
Q

function of monocyte

A

precursor for other phagocytic cels (macrophages, kupffer cells in liver, osteoclasts)
extend their pseudopods for phagocytosis

35
Q

what is the main organelle in monocytes

A

lysosomes

36
Q

what are all of the functions of platlets?

A

MAKE AND DISSOLVE CLOTS FOR WHEN A BLOOD VESSEL IS RUPTURED

  1. detect exposed collagen in a torn blood vessel
  2. release factors to increase adhesion to the glycocalyx (delta granules)
  3. Secrete growth factors (Platelet derived growth factor.. PDGF)
  4. release factors to promote blood clotting (alpha granules, and catalysis of fibrin to fibrinogen)
  5. shrink the clot via actin and myosin contracting to bring the walls of the vessel closer
  6. lysosomes to help break up the clot (lambda granules)
37
Q

plasminogen

A

propeptidase in blood that is activated by tissue plasminogen activator to be plasmin a potent peptidase for dissolving clots

38
Q

plasmin

A

enzyme that dissolves clots (derived from plasminogen)

39
Q

alpha granules

A

promote platelet aggregation and stimulate repair of connective tissue

40
Q

delta granules

A

promote adhesion of glycocalyx (on platelet) to blood vessel walls

41
Q

lambda granules

A

lysosomal granules that help dissolve a blood clot

42
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

abnormally low platelet count.. can result in spontaneous or unchecked bleeding

43
Q

tissue plasminogen activator

A

naturally occurring substance from the endothelial cells underlying connective tissue.. acts on plasminogen to make it plasmin
-injections of it help dissolve existing clots in vessels (ie: stroke) and prevent the formation of additional clots

Histology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions