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Intro to Perio 511 > Week 8 Physiology/Immunology > Flashcards

Week 8 Physiology/Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Osteoid-matrix is made of what? It then mineralizes to bone by the process off ossification or calcification.

A

Collagen, glycoprotein, proteoglycan

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2
Q

Osteoblasts turn into or make what?

A

Osteocytes

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3
Q

Small microscopic canals or tubules that run through bone are called?

A

canaliculi

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4
Q

Blood vessels in bone run through ___ canals.

A

Haversian

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5
Q

Resorption of old bone is done by______ in_______.

A

Osteoclasts, Howships lacunae

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6
Q

Periods of bone formation and resorption are mediated by what signalling molecules? (3)

A

Cytokines, Growth hormones and Inflammatory molecules

This creates a dynamic homeostasis.

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7
Q

The type of gingivitis before clinical evidence is called?

It is characterized by what?

A

Sub-clinical,

Characterized by slight increase in inflammatory cells such as neutrophils

And limited loss of connective tissue

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8
Q

Clinical gingivitis symptoms in the junctional epithelium? (3)

A

Bleeding, Swelling, small gingival pocket

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9
Q

What inflammatory cells are found in clinical gingivitis and where? (3 types)

A

Neutrophils in sulcus

PMN and lymphocytes (B and T cells) in connective tissue

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10
Q

Clinical symptoms of periodontitis?

A

Deeper pocket formation, apical migration of junctional epithelium, Bleeding, Swelling and bone loss.
Anaerobic environment in pocket

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11
Q

Inflammatory cells in connective tissue?

A

PMN, Lymphocyte, Macrophage, Plasma cells

With increased cytokine production

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12
Q

Teeth that over time migrate incisally is called?

A

Passive eruption- happens with age

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13
Q

Immune system cells that provide specificity and memory? 2 types?

A

Lymphocytes- T and B cells

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14
Q

2 types of antigen presenting cells?

A

Macrophages and B lymphocytes

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15
Q

B lymphocytes are made where, differentiate into what? Then make what?

A

Made in bone marrow, differentiate into plasma cells.

They make antibodies.

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16
Q

T-cells are made where and what are the major types?

A

Made in bone marrow but migrate to and mature in the THYMUS. T for t-cell and thymus.
Two major types- Helper T-cells CD4 (Th) and Cytotoxic CD8 (Tc)

There are other types like regulatory T-cells such as T suppressors Ts or NK cells.

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17
Q

2 major types of non-specific phagocytes?

A

Macrophages and Neutrophils

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18
Q

Other auxiliary immune cells he mentions?

A

Granulocytes
Mast cells- allergy
Basophils- large, allergy cancer
Eosinophils- parasite, cancer

Platelets- Clotting

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19
Q

4 types of regulatory immune cell surface markers

A

MHC(major histocompatibility complex),
CD (cluster of differentiation),
Receptors,
Adhesins

20
Q

What is the MHC’s job and what is called in humans? How many classes are there?

A

Introduces foreign antigens to T-cells. Responsible for graft and transplant rejections.

In humans it is called the HLA or Human Leukocyte Antigen

2 major classes I (all cells in body) and II (professional antigen presenting cells like B cells and macrophages)

21
Q

What CD (Cluster differentiation) antigens are found on the surface of what immune cells? Another thing we use them for?

A

We use them to Differentiate leukocyte populations
CD2, CD3 – all T cells
CD4 T helper cells
CD8 T cytotoxic killer and T suppression cells
CD14 – macrophage
CD19 – B cells

22
Q

Name 4 broad categories of receptors found on immune cells? What do receptors do in a basic sense?

A 
Bind molecules (ligands) and induce growth or
secretion.

T cell receptor /TCRs,
Receptors for cytokines,
Immunoglobulin receptors,
Complement receptors

23
Q

What are adhesins and name 2 examples cited in the lecture?

A

Bind cells to or to each other or tissue

Integrins–LFA-1 on lymphocytes (binds ICAM-1)

Selectins–endothelium Ex.: ELAM binds neutrophils

24
Q

What are effector molecules and name 4 specific examples?

A

Products of immune cells which help eliminate foreign material by signalling.

  1. Immunoglobulins
  2. Complement
  3. Cytokines
  4. Growth Factors
    and there are other mediators.
25
Q

Immunoglobulins are produced by what? Name the five classes?

A

Plasma cells- B-cells

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD

26
Q

Two major regions on Ig molecules and what do they do?

A

Fab- binds antigen (a-antigen)

Fc- binds cells and complement (c= cells, complement)

27
Q

What is the first Ig/antibody made and what is shape does it take?

A

IgM and it is pentameric

28
Q

What is the most common Ig/antibody in blood and more about it?

A

IgG, made 2nd and it crosses the placenta

29
Q

More about IgA and where is can be found?

A

Monomeric in blood, dimeric joined by a J chain when excreted in it’s sIgA form (secretory) agglutinates bacteria, found in mucus, saliva, tears, sweat, colostrum

30
Q

What does IgE do?

A

Activates mast cells which are involved in allergic responses

31
Q

Where is IgD found?

A

Surface of naive B-cells

32
Q

4 jobs of the Complement System?

A
  1. Controls inflammatory reactions
  2. Eliminates antigens
  3. Activates cells
  4. Prepares microbes and foreign particles for phagocytosis
33
Q

3 Pathways of Activation of Complement and 2 he points out?

A

Classical, Alternative and Lectin

34
Q

What is the Classical activated by and some of the basic components?

A

Activated by antigen/antibody complexes IgM/IgG

Components include C1, C4, C2

35
Q

What activate the Alternative Complement pathway? What are the components?

A

Surface molecules of intruders (viruses, fungi, bacteria, parasites) PAMPS and MAMPS such as lipids and carbs like LPS
Also immunoglobulin A, and polysaccharides

Components include factor B and D

36
Q

What is the Lytic Complement Pathway?

A

A pathway of the complement system that can be activated by all 3 pathways that leads to lysis of the target via the MAC (membrane attack complex)

37
Q

Basic steps of the Lytic Pathway?

A

Cleavage of C3, C5,
Release of C3a and C5a which are chemotactic and anaphylactic

Results in formation of (MAC)
C56789 inserts into cell and makes holes

38
Q

What are cytokines? Their job (3)? How do they function? What concentration do they need to be at?

A
  • Chemicals made by immune cells to eliminate germs, promote tissue resorption, and regulate hematopoiesis ( production of blood cells)
  • Can function in autocrine (on self), paracrine (nearby cells), or endocrine (systemic) manner
  • Active at LOW concentrations since they interact with highly sensitive receptors on cells
39
Q

What do growth factors do? Give an example

A

Can promote growth of tissues and block tissue breakdown.

Ex.: Transforming growth factors (TGF-beta)

40
Q

4 examples of other mediators he mentions in the lecture?

A

Proteins (i.e. heparin–thins blood)
Peptides (i.e. bradykinin–pain sensation)
Prostaglandins i.e. PGE2–promotes bone loss)
Amines (i.e. histamine–dilates vessels, constricts airway)

41
Q

What is innate immunity? Activated by? Kinds of cells in it?

A 
Natural resistance to infection
Activated immediately by pathogens
Non Specific
Cells -- neutrophils and macrophages
Regulatory molecules -- cell surface receptors and
adhesins
Effector molecules -- complement, cytokines,
prostaglandins
42
Q

An infection can trigger tissue loss from inflammation.

True or False

A

True

43
Q

Tests for what products may make good diagnostic indicators?

A

Tissue products such as collagenase, prostaglandins, antibodies, and complement.

44
Q

Tests for what could help identify patients who are susceptible to inflammatory diseases? What else might be used as indicators of susceptibility?

A

Neutrophil function, antibody production, and complement opsonization
HLA typing, chemotactic defects and adhesin abnormalities can be used as
indicators of susceptibility.

45
Q

Measurement of what factors may indicate patients who are resistant to
inflammatory diseases?

A

Factors responsible for healing such as growth factors

46
Q

____factors may also play a role in inflammatory disease susceptibility.

A

Genetic

47
Q

Understanding the host response in inflammatory diseases can provide diagnostic ______ as well as better, and more specific ______ for patients.

A

Tools and treatments

Intro to Perio 511 (5 decks)

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