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Invaders and Defenders > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

define itis

A

indicates inflammation

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2
Q

define osis

A

indicates abnormal or diseased condition

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3
Q

arthro relates to:

A

joints

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4
Q

arterio relates to:

A

blood vessels and arteries

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5
Q

osteo relates to:

A

bones

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6
Q

vasculo relates to:

A

vessels

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7
Q

define homeostasis

A

(same steady) ability to maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival

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8
Q

apoptosis

A

a genetically directed process of cell self-destruction that is marked by the fragmentation of nuclear DNA, is activated either by the presence of a stimulus or removal of a suppressing agent or stimulus (aka programmed cell death)

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9
Q

Pyroptosis

A

a lytic programmed cell death associated inherently with inflammation (and includes DNA cleavage, but the nucleus is not destroyed)

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10
Q

Necrosis

A

localized death of living tissue

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11
Q

Hyperplasia

A

an abnormal or unusual increase in the elements composing a part (such as cells composing a tissue)

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12
Q

Hypertrophy

A

excessive development (growth) of an organ or tissue

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13
Q

Metaplasia

A

transformation of a tissue by abnormal replacement of one type by cells of another type

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14
Q

Dysplasia

A

abnormal growth or development (as of organs or cells)

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15
Q

what are the 4 basic types of tissue?

A

connective

epithelial

muscle

nervous

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16
Q

what does connective tissue do?

A

Connective tissue supports other tissues and binds them together (bone, blood, and lymph tissues).

17
Q

what does epithelial tissue do?

A

Epithelial tissue provides a covering (skin, the linings of the various passages inside the body).

18
Q

what does muscle tissue do?

A

Muscle tissue includes striated (also called voluntary) muscles that move the skeleton, and smooth muscle, such as the muscles that surround the stomach. And cardiac muscle in our hearts

19
Q

what does nerve tissue do?

A

Nerve tissue is made up of nerve cells (neurons) and is used to carry “messages” to and from various parts of the body

20
Q

inflammation is the body’s:

the first phase (acute inflmmation) includes:

there are several biological markers of inflammation in your blood, including:

  • acute inflammation often causes elevated:
  • elevated _____ is a risk factor for:

inflammation appears to be a common link between:

  • these diseases include:
A

first response to injury

redness, swelling, heat, and altered function. it is self perpetuating

C-reactive protein (CRP)

  • C-reactive protein
  • CRP

common diseases of aging

  • heart disease, arthritis, and periodontitis
21
Q

Normal acute inflammatory response vs. chronic inflammatory response (graphs)

A
22
Q

Periodontitis

gram ______ infection

destruction of tissue mediated by:

several clinical presentations:

pathogenesis similar to:

A

negative

the host

adult onset, early onset, necrotizing

other inflmmatory diseases

23
Q

acute inflammation

is an _________ response to inflammatory stimulus

  • can be broadly divided into a _____ phase that occurs first, followed by a _____ phase involing immune cells (more specifically ______ in the acute setting).
  • the vascular component involves movement of _____ containing _____ such as ____ and ______ into the inflammed tissue
A

immunovascular

  • vascular, cellular, granulocytes
  • plasma fluid, proteins, fibrin, immunoglobulins (antibodies)
24
Q

chronic inflammation leads to:

it is characterized by:

A

leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation (e.g. mononuclear cells - lymphocytes)

characterized by simultaneous destruction and partial healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process.

25
Q

Inflammasomes

inflammasomes are implicated in the ______ responses in ________ diseases

most result in _____ which leads to ______

  • these are molecular platforms activated by cellular infection or stress that result in_______ and can lead to _______
  • these protein markers can be evaluated in the serum and are markers of:

chronic inflammation results in the secretion of more:

A

inflammation, connective tissue diseases (auto-inflammation)

intracellular production of caspase-1 which leads to the production of the inflammatory cytokines

  • the production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1B and IL-18), can lead to pyroptosis and autophagy
  • systemic inflammatory burden

PGE, IL-1B, TNF-a and other pro-inflammatory molecules

26
Q

inflammasomes are implicated in:

A

connective tissues we are examining today (rheumatoid arthritis, gout, giant cell arteritis, etc.)

graft-versus-host disease

type 2 diabetes

obesity-induced asthma

insulin resistance

age-related macular degeneration

Alzheimer’s disease

27
Q

Chronic Inflammation appears to be the common link between:

  • this is likely due to:
A

the common diseases of aging (heart disease, arthritis, diabetes, and periodontitis)

  • due to the inflammatory cell infiltration and the ongoing inflammatory response in the tissues resulting in vascular and tissue damage
28
Q

treatment of inflammatory conditions has been focused on inhibition of the innate inflammatory response. this can be done using: (4)

now research is focusing on Proresolution mediators

  • _______ derived
  • ________ derived
A
  • COX Inhibitors (ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, Celecoxibs)
  • TNFa Antagonists (etaneracept, inflixamab)
  • Steroids (cortisone, prednisone, methyl prednisolone)
  • Statins (atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin)
  • Arachidonic acid derived (Lipoxins) (and Aspirin triggered Lipoxins (causing longer acting isomeric Lipoxins)
  • Omega-3 fatty acid derived (Resolvins) E-series (EPA) & Dseries (DHA)
29
Q

Inflammation summary

we see that the innate inflammatory process _____ and _____. However, if you lack ______ and _______, then the inflammatory process continues with vasculitis and the adaptive immune response with ________ infiltration, ______ complexes, and tissue _________

A
  • resolves
  • heals
  • lipoxins
  • resolvins
  • lymphocytic
  • immune
  • damage or destruction
30
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

_____, ___ inflammatory autoimmune disease

attacks multiple _____ (____ mostly)

female: male ratio

prevalence:

A

systemic, chronic

tissues (joints mostly)

5:1

1%

31
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis usually affects joints ______

may initially begin in

most frequently attacks what parts?

A

symmetrically (on both sides equally)

a couple of joints only

  • wristis
  • hands
  • elbows,
  • shoulders
  • knees
  • ankles
32
Q

RA etiology

_____ predilection

______ trigger

________ unknown

  • _____ factor present in ___% of patients
    • _____
    • not ____
    • not _____
A

genetic

unknown (environmental, immune system?)

autoantigen

  • rheumatoid
    • marker
    • not causitive
    • not specific
33
Q

RA joint

Synovial Hyperplasia leads to ______ formation

A

pannus

34
Q

RA Manifestations

A

Synovitis (inflammation of joint)

Subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules

Pleural/pericardial effusions

Vasculitis

35
Q

Osteoarthrosis (Osteoarthritis)

aka ___________

  • _______ and ______

NO _____ predilection (because not autoimmune)

High prevalence over ____ years old

Most common______ _____ disease

Idiopathic etiology, but associated with ______ and ______

A

Degenerative Joint Disease

  • wear and tear

sex

65

disabling joint

obesity and trauma

36
Q

OA Pathogenesis

_______ _______ is damaged

Cartilage _______ strength and _______ are compromised

Continued injury stimulates:

A

Articular cartilage

tensile, resilience

peripheral osteophyte growth and underlying bony sclerosis (eburnation)

37
Q

Infectious Arthritis

Acute:

Chronic:

Viral:

A

Acute: Staphylococcus aureus, HIB, Gonococcus

Chronic: Lyme disease, Tuberculosis

Viral: Parvo, Hepatitis B & C, Epstein Barr, Patient symptoms of fatigue, joint pain, & rashes, associated with inflammation and vasculitis.

38
Q

Reactive arthritis

Associated with ______ pathogens (post infection)

Associated with _____ (Reiter’s syndrome)

_____ reactions (Steven-Johnson’s syndrome)

A

GI/GU

STD

Drug

39
Q
A

Invaders and Defenders (5 decks)

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