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RADT2000 > Advanced craniofacial > Flashcards

Advanced craniofacial Flashcards

1
Q

What bones are involved in the formation of the orbit?

A 
7 bones in total 
3 Cranial
-Frontal
-Sphenoid
-Ethmoid
4 Facial
-Maxilla
-Zygoma
-Lacrimal
-Palatine
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2
Q

Orbits: Clinical Indications

A
  • Fractures

- Foreign bodies

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3
Q

Lateral Orbits: Technical factors

A

SID:
40inches

IR:
8X10in; Landscape;

Exposure factors
-8 mAs; 70 kV

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4
Q

Lateral Orbits: positioning and CR

A
  • Patient is erect or recumbent
  • True lateral
  • MSP II to IR
  • IPL perpendicular to IR
  • IOML baseline

CR
- perpendicular to IR; directed to the outer cantheus

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5
Q

Lateral Orbits: Evaluation criteria

A

-Superimposed
orbital roofs
-Optimal density

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6
Q

Orbits Modified Caldwell (occipitofrontal) : technical factors

A

SID:
40in

IR:
8X10in

Exposure factors
70kV; 20mAs

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7
Q

Orbits mod. Caldwell: positioning and CR

A

positioning

  • Patient is prone or erect
  • OML perpendicular to IR

CR
-angled 30 degrees caudad
directed to exit at the nasion

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8
Q

orbits Mod. Caldwell: evaluation criteria

A
  • petrous ridges projected below the inferior orbital margin
  • entire orbit visualized
  • no rotation as evident by the equidistance between the outer canthus and lateral aspect of the skull on both sides
  • no tilt as evident by the orbits within the same horizontal plane
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9
Q

Orbits waters (mod. parieoacanthial): technical factors

A

SID:
40in

IR:
8X10in

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10
Q

Orbit Waters: positioning and CR

A
  • The patient is prone or erect
  • OML forms a 55 degree angle with IR
  • LML perpendicular to IR

CR
perpendicular to IR; exit at acanthion

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11
Q

Waters Obrits: Evaluation Criteria

A 
-Petrous ridges below 
orbital rims
-Less distorted view of 
orbits
-No rotation or tilt as evident by outer canthus to lateral border of skull + inferior margin of orbits
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12
Q

QEII routine for Orbits

A

Waters + lateral

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13
Q

Mandible: Clinical Indications

A

Fractures

Tumors

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14
Q

AP/PA Mandible: technical Factors

A

SID:
40in

IR:
10X12in

Exposure Factors
10-12.5mAs; 70kV

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15
Q

AP/PA Mandible: positioning and CR

A

positioning
-erect or supine (traumas done supine)

CR
perpendicular to IR to exit at the junction of the lips

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16
Q

AP/PA Mandible: Rami baseline

A

OML is perpendicular to the IR for Rami evaulation

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17
Q

AP/PA Mandible: Body baseline

A

The AML is perpendicular to the IR to evaluate the body

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18
Q

AP/PA Mandible: Evaluation criteria

A

-Rami and lateral portion of body visualized
-Midbody and mentum
faintly visualized,
superimposed on c-spine
-No rotation (symmetrical)

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19
Q

PA Axial Mandible: Technical Factors

A

SID
40in

IR
10X12; portrait; grid

Exposure Factors
16mAs; 70-80kV

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20
Q

PA axial Mandible: positioning, baseline and CR

A

Positioning
- erect or prone

baseline: OML perpendicular to IR

CR
20-25 degree cephallic angle; directed to exit at the acathion

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21
Q

PA Axial Mandible: Evaluation Criteria

A 
-TMJs and heads of 
condyles visible through 
mastoid processes
-Condyloid processes well 
visualized and slightly 
elongated
-Midbody and mentum 
faintly visualized, 
superimposed on c-spine
-No rotation (symmetrical)
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22
Q

AP axial (Towne method): technical factors

A

SID
40in

IR
10X12in; Portrait; grid

Exposure Factors
16mAs; 70-80kV

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23
Q

AP Axial Mandible: positioning, baseline and CR

A

position
- erect or supine

Baseline
- OML perpendicular to IR

CR
35-42 degrees caudal (*40 degrees if temporomandibular fossae are area of intrest); Directed 1in superior to the glabella

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24
Q

AP Axial Mandible: Eval. criteria

A 
-Condyloid processes and 
TM fossae visualized
-Minimal superimposition 
of TM fossae and 
mastoids
-No rotation (symmetrical)
25
Q

Mandible- Axiolateral Obliques: technical factors

A

SID
40in

IR
10X12in; Portrait; grid

Exposure factors
8mAs; 70kV

*both sides are imaged

26
Q

Mandible- Axiolateral Obliques: Positioning and CR for General Survey/ Rami

A

Positioning
- erect or supine
- rotate patients head 10-15 degrees from true lateral
head tilted 25 degrees towards IR

CR

  • perpendicular to IR ( 25 degrees if head tilt not possible achieve 25-degree angle with cephallic angle)
  • directed to the area of intrest
27
Q

Mandible- Axiolateral Oblique: Positioning and CR for the Body

A

positioning

  • rotate patients head 30 degrees toward the IR from a true lateral
  • tilt patients head 25 degrees towards IR

CR

  • perpendicular to IR ( 25 degrees if head tilt not possible achieve 25-degree angle with cephallic angle)
  • directed to the area of intrest
28
Q

Mandible- Axiolateral Obliques: positioning and CR for Mentum

A

Positoning

  • rotate patients head 45 degrees towards the IR from true lateral
  • tilt patients head 25 degrees towards the IR

CR

  • perpendicular to IR ( 25 degrees if head tilt not possible achieve 25-degree angle with cephallic angle)
  • directed to the area of intrest
29
Q

Mandible- Axiolateral Oblique: Evaluation Criteria

A

-Side closest to IR visualized
-No superimposition of area of interest from
opposite side of mandible
-Area of interest visualized with minimal
foreshortening
-No superimposition of rami by c-spine

30
Q

Mandible QEII routine

A

PA

  • AML baseline for body
  • OML baseline for rami

Axiolateral obliques

  • right and left
  • dependent on area of intrest
31
Q

Mandible- Pantomography positioning

A
  • Ensure patient is standing straight with OML parallel to the floor
  • Position bite block between patient’s front teeth
  • Instruct patient to place lips together and position tongue on roof of mouth
  • Occlusal plane declines 10 from posterior to anterior
32
Q

Mandible- Pantomography: evaluation criteria

A

Single image of the teeth, mandible, and TMJs
Correct positioning indicated by:
-Symphysis projected slightly below mandibular angles
-Mandible oval in shape
-Occlusal plane parallel with long axis of image
-Upper and lower teeth slightly apart – no superimposition

No rotation or tilt evidenced by:
-TMJs on same horizontal plane
-Rami and posterior teeth equally magnified
-Anterior and posterior teeth sharply visualized with
uniform magnification

33
Q

Temporomandibular Joints: Clinical Indications

A

Indications

  • Fractures
  • ROM assessment
34
Q

TMJs- AP Axial (Mod. Townes) : technical factors

A

SID
40in

IR
8X10in; portrait

Exposure Factors
16mAs; 70-80kV

35
Q

TMJs AP Axial: Position, baseline and Central Ray

A

position
-patient erect or supine

Baseline
OML is perpendicular to IR

CR
35 degrees caudal (42 degrees caudal if using IOML); directed to 3 inches superior to the nasion

36
Q

TMJs AP Axial: Evaluation Criteria

A

-Condyloid processes and TM fossae
demonstrated
-No rotation
(symmetrical)

37
Q

TMJs- Axiolateral Open/ Closed mouth: Technical Factors

A

SID
40 inches

IR
8X10in; portrait

Exposure Factors
16mAs ; 70-80kV

38
Q

TMJs- Axiolateral Open/Closed Mouth: position and Central Ray

A

position

  • erect or prone
  • Head in a true lateral
  • TMJ against IR is centered (and imaged)

CR
-25-30 degrees caudal directed 0.5in anterior and 2in superior to upside EAM

39
Q

TMJs- Axiolateral Open/Closed Mouth: Evaluation Criteria

A

-Close collimation!
-Images marked
correctly
-TMJ closest to IR is
visualized without
superimposition by opposition TMJ
-TMJ of interest not
superimposed by c-spine

40
Q

TMJs QEII routine

A

Axiolateral open/closed mouth (bilateral)

41
Q

TMJD

A 
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
-pain in the jaw joint and 
surrounding tissues and 
limitation in jaw 
movements.

Causes

  • autoimmune diseases
  • infections
  • injuries to the jaw area
  • dental procedures
  • Arthritis
42
Q

Zygomatic Arches: Clinical Indications

A
  • trauma

- fractures

43
Q

Zygomatic Arches- frontooccipital (AP Axial): technical factors

A

SID
40in

IR
10X12 in; Portrait

Exposure Factors
8 mAs; 70kV

44
Q

Le Fort fractures

A

French surgeon who investigated facial
fractures by inflicting various types of trauma on
cadaver skulls
Published his findings in 1901

45
Q

Le Fort Fractures I

A

-horizontal maxillary fracture, separating the teeth from the upper face.
-fracture line passes through the alveolar ridge,
lateral nose and inferior wall of maxillary sinus

46
Q

Le Fort Fractures II

A

-pyramidal fracture, with the teeth at the pyramid
base, and nasofrontal suture at its apex
-fracture arch passes through posterior alveolar
ridge, lateral walls of maxillary sinuses, inferior
orbital rim and nasal bones

47
Q

Le Fort III

A

-craniofacial disjunction
-fracture line passes through nasofrontal suture,
maxillo-frontal suture, orbital wall and zygomatic
arch.

48
Q

Zygomatic Arches- AP Axial: Position, baseline and CR

A

position
- pt. is erect or recumbent

Baseline
OML perpendicular to IR

CR
Angled 30 degrees caudal, directed 1in superior to the nasion to pass through the zygoma

49
Q

Zygomatic Arches- AP Axial: Evaluation Criteria

A
  • Arches seen without rotation or superimposition

- close collimation

50
Q

Zygomatic Arches- parietoacanthial: technical Factors

A

SID
40in

IR
10X12in; portrait; grid

Exposure Factors
70kV; 10-12.5 mAs

51
Q

Zygomatic Arches- Submentovertex (SMV): technical factors

A

SID
40in

IR
10X12in; portrait

Exposure Factors
8-10mAs; 70kV

52
Q

Zygomatic Arches- SMV: position and CR

A

position
-have pt. lift chin and hyperextend their neck IOML parallel to IR

CR
perpendicular to IR, directed 4cm inferior to mentum

53
Q

Zygomatic Arches- SMV: Evaluation Criteria

A

-Both zygomatic arches demonstrated laterally
from each ramus
-No rotation
-Close collimation

54
Q

Zygomatic Arches- Inferosuperior Tangential: Techincal Factors

A

SID
40

IR
10X12in; Portrait

Exposure factors
8mAs; 70kV

55
Q

Zygomatic Arches- inferosuperior tangential : position, baseline and CR

A

position

  • patient is erect (sitting)
  • have patient lift chin and hyperextend their neck
  • IOML perpendicular to IR
  • rotate patients head and tilt chin 15 degrees towards side to be exaimined

CR
-perpendicular to IR directed to Zygomatic arch of intrest

56
Q

Zygomatic Arches- Inferosuperior tangential: evaluation criteria

A
  • Zygomatic arch without superimposition

- close collimation

57
Q

Blowout Fracture

A

A break in one or more the orbital bones. Indicated by a ‘Brow sign’

58
Q

Tripod Fracture

A

Effects the:

  • zygomatic arch.
  • inferior orbital rim, and anterior and posterior maxillary sinus walls.
  • lateral orbital rim.

RADT2000 (7 decks)

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