Chapter 7

Question 1

Irrational

Answer 1

Predominantly guided by something other than logic or reason
Irrational is defined as lacking reason or understanding.
An example of irrational is a fear of a certain color.

Question 2

Emotional

Answer 2

The strong, involuntary feelings that constantly colour our experience

Question 3

Moral

Answer 3

The human sense of what is right and what is wrong

Question 4

Subjective

Answer 4

An individual’s unique personal experience and judgements, as opposed to an attempt to establish information that is independent of any individual

Question 5

Intuition

Answer 5

The way in which we understand or decide things unconsciously, based on instinct and emotion and experience, rather than through a conscious process of reasoning

Question 6

Objective

Answer 6

Facts that exist independently of any individual perspective, and that remain true no matter what any individual happens to believe

Question 7

Rhetoric

Answer 7

The art of persuasion through means other than reasoning

Question 8

Ethos

Answer 8

Establishing the trustworthiness of the source of an attempt at persuasion

Examples of ethos can be shown in your speech or writing by sounding fair and demonstrating your expertise

“He is a forensics and ballistics expert for the federal government - if anyone’s qualified to determine the murder weapon, it’s him.”

Question 9

Logos

Answer 9

The chain of ideas contained in an attempt at persuasion

For example, when a speaker cites scientific data, methodically walks through the line of reasoning behind their argument

Question 10

Pathos

Answer 10

The emotional appeals made during an attempt at persuasion

“If we don’t move soon, we’re all going to die!

Question 11

Kairos

Answer 11

The moment of opportunity at which persuasion is most likely to work

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s famous “I Have a Dream” speech.

Question 12

Linguistic register

Answer 12

The type of language typically used in a particular setting or context

Question 13

Impartiality

Answer 13

Stripping away emotive bias from language and expressing yourself as objectively as possible

Question 14

Rhetorical device

Answer 14

A persuasive technique used to enhance the appeal of a message

Simile, metaphor…

Question 15

Rhetorical question

Answer 15

A question that is not meant literally and that does not require an answer, but which is used to make a point more forcefully

Question 16

Jargon

Answer 16

Words and phrases familiar only to an expert audience, sometimes used legitimately between experts, but sometimes used in order to confuse non-experts and restrict their engagement

Question 17

Buzzwords

Answer 17

Fashionable words and phrases used to make something sound impressive and up to date; often a case of style over substance, with little thought beneath the surface

Question 18

Smokescreen

Answer 18

A process of verbal concealment, where someone attempts to avoid or hide a key point beneath a large volume of irrelevant words

Question 19

Euphemism

Answer 19

Deliberately replacing a negative-seeming word or phrase with something more neutral, often in order to conceal the severity of what has happened

“Let go” instead of “fired”
“Make love” instead of “sex”

Question 20

Hyperbole

Answer 20

Deliberate exaggeration for the purpose of rhetorical impact

Question 21

Litotes

Answer 21

Deliberately understating or using a negative to make a point sound convincing while not seeming to claim it directly

For example, saying “It’s not the best weather today” during a hurricane

Question 22

Paralepsis

Answer 22

Introducing an idea while claiming you do not wish
to discuss it, thus allowing you to make a claim while denying any responsibility for discussing it

It looks like you spent a lot of money today, not to mention that you borrowed $40.00 from me yesterday.