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Geography > Urban growth in LICs and NEEs > Flashcards

Urban growth in LICs and NEEs Flashcards

1
Q

Where is Rio de Janeiro found?

A

Rio De Janeiro is in the South of Brazil, in South America

Coast of the Atlantic Ocean

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2
Q

Name 3 reasons why Rio De Janeiro is well known around the world

A

Hosted the Olympics in 2016 and the World cup

Rio’s Carnival attracts 1 million people every year

1 of the 7 wonders of the world (Christ the Redeemer statue)

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3
Q

How many foreign tourists visit Rio De Janeiro every year

A

2 million

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4
Q

What is the population of Rio De Janeiro?

A

12.5 million people

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5
Q

How much of the countries GDP does Rio De Janeiro provide?

A

5%

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6
Q

Name 3 reasons why Rio De Janeiro is important nationally

A

Most visited city in Brazil

Many manufacturing industries located here

Port of Rio is important for the export of coffee, sugar and iron ore

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7
Q

Name 3 reasons why Rio De Janeiro is important regionally

A

Provides jobs

Transport hub

School, universities, hospitals

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8
Q

What might be some possible push factors for someone moving to the city?

A

There are few doctors or hospitals

Schools only provide a basic education

Desertification and other climate hazards reduce crop yields

Mechanisation of farming

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9
Q

What might be some possible pull factors for someone moving to the city?

A

There are more employment opportunities

Better medical facilities

A higher standard of living is possible

Better chance of education

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10
Q

What are the causes of growth in Rio De Janeiro?

A

Natural increase

Migration

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11
Q

What is Rio’s life expectancy compared to Brazil’s?

A

77 years (Rio) 73 (Brazil)

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12
Q

What is Rio’s infant mortality rates?

A

6.2 babies die in Rio per 1000 live births (It is 18 in Brazil)

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13
Q

How many hospitals are there in Rio De Janeiro?

A

150 however only 34% of these are public

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14
Q

What is Rio’s illiteracy rate compared to Alagoas?

A

In Rio, the illiteracy rate is 4%

In Alagoas, it is 22%

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15
Q

In Rio, how many primary school, secondary schools and universities are there?

A

1000 primary schools

400 secondary schools

6 major universities

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16
Q

How much of Rio De Janeiro’s population has mains water supply?

A

95%

This figure is 65% in rural populations

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17
Q

How much of Rio De Janeiro’s population have access to the power grid?

A

99%

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18
Q

What does the Simplicio hydroelectric complex do and when was it built?

A

It was built in 2013 and supplies the city with 30% more energy

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19
Q

How much of Rio’s workforce work in the informal sector?

A

About 1/3

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20
Q

How can urban industrial areas encourage development?

A

Attracts investment from other countries

Creates jobs and boosts income in the area and the money generated encourages development

An improving economy often means that money is re-invested back into the area for social projects such as the Favela Bairro project

Good transport infrastructure (Rio has great ports and an airport) enables companies to export to markers abroad and generate greater income

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21
Q

What is the multiplier effect?

A

A chain reaction of activities that stimulate the economy

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22
Q

How is tourism an economic opportunity in Rio?

A

Rio is the top visitor destination in South America and tourism is the city’s biggest industry

Sandy beaches of Copacabana and hot sunny climate

Annual carnival

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23
Q

How is Rio economically important nationally?

A

It is a centre of many manufacturing industries

Rio is also a major centre for banking, finance and insurance

It provides 6% of all employment in Brazil

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24
Q

Suggest why managing social challenges may be difficult in Rio De Janeiro?

A

Rio has a high population of 12.5 million therefore it can be challenging to provide healthcare and water supply to everyone

It is especially challenging to do so in slums as they are disorganised and densely populated.

This can make it difficult to provide infrastructure like electricity cables and water pipes

Furthermore, these slums are difficult to access due to the fact they have narrow roads

Another important point to consider is that Brazil is a NEE and do has a lack of resources and finances to provide social services to everyone

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25
Q

Describe the challenge of healthcare in Rio

A

In 2013 only 55% of the city had a local family health clinic

Services for pregnant women were poor in some areas with only 60% getting access

26
Q

What is the solution to the challenge when it comes to health care for Rio?

A

In inaccessible and steep parts of the city, like the Santa Marta favelas, there is poor access to medical care

Medical staff took a health kit into people’s homes and were able to detect 20 different diseases and treat them

Infant mortality fell and life expectancy increased

27
Q

Describe the challenge of education in Rio

A

25% of the poorest children are not in school

Only half of all children continue their education beyond 14

Many drop out of school and some are forced into drug trafficking

28
Q

What is the solution to the challenge when it comes to education for Rio?

A

Encouraging local people to volunteer to help in school

Giving school grants to poor families to help meet the cost of keeping their children in school

Opening a private university in Rocinha favela

29
Q

Describe the challenge of water supply in Rio

A

37% of water is lost through leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access

12% of Rio’s population did not have access to running water

30
Q

What is the solution to the challenge when it comes to water supply for Rio?

A

Seven new treatment plants were built between 1998 and 2014 and over 300km of pipes were laid

31
Q

Describe the challenge of energy in Rio

A

The percentage of the population with access to electricity is three times higher than in the countryside

The whole city suffers frequent blackouts due to shortage of electricity

Electricity in poorer parts of Rio is often obtained by illegally tapping into the main supply (risky and unsafe)

32
Q

What is the solution to the challenge when it comes to energy for Rio?

A

60km of new power lines installed

New nuclear generator

33
Q

Suggest reasons as to why crime may affect the economic development of Rio

A

Crime will have a negative impact on tourism as people may not feel that Rio is safe and therefore will not come and this means a loss of valuable revenue

Foreign investors may not come due to concerns about crime and safety. There are worries over money and goods being stolen. Furthermore, favelas are dominated by crime and so it’s hard to develop

34
Q

What are some of the solutions for the unemployment problem in Rio?

A

The Schools of Tomorrow

Aims to improve education for young people in poor and violent areas

Courses are available for adults who have temporarily left education but want to continue their studies

35
Q

What are some of the solutions for the crime problem in Rio?

A

In 2013 Pacifying Police Units (UPPs) were established to reclaim favelas from drug dealers

Police have taken control of crime-dominated complexo do Alemao and 30 smaller favelas

36
Q

What are some of the physical environmental problems in Rio?

A

Problems of communication across the bay

Algal blooms and eutrophication in the Lagao Roarigo Channel

Mountains limit space for building and make the development for an effective transport system difficult and costly

37
Q

What are some of the human environmental problems in Rio?

A

Social inequality has lead to high crime levels in some areas

Smog caused by slow-moving traffic

Dereliction due to de-industrialisation of heavy industries such as steel

38
Q

Describe the challenge of air pollution in Rio

A

Air pollution is estimated to cause 5000 deaths per year

Rio is the most congested city in South America

39
Q

What are some of the causes of air pollution in Rio?

A

Traffic congestion:
-Steep mountains make transport routes become very congested as roads can only be built on coastal lowland

  • Increasing amount of cars (+40%)
  • High crime levels mean that many people prefer to travel by car
40
Q

What is the impact of congestion on quality of life?

A

Increases stress

Wastes time for commuters and businesses

Increases pollution levels

41
Q

What are some of the solutions for air pollution in Rio?

A

Expansion of the metro system under Guanabara Bay to South Zone and Barra de Tijuca

New toll roads into city centre to reduce congestion

Making coast roads one-way during rush hours, to improve traffic flow

42
Q

Describe the challenge of water pollution in Rio

A

Guanabana Bay is highly polluted

The water pollution is a major threat to wildlife, particularly fish

43
Q

What are some of the causes of water pollution in Rio?

A

Rivers are polluted from open sewers in favelas

50 tonnes of industrial waste

Ships empty fuel tanks

Oil spills from the Petrobas oil refinery

44
Q

What is the impact of water pollution on quality of life?

A

Commercial fishing has declines by 90% in the last 20 years

Water pollution could affect Rio’s famous beaches which would damage tourism and the local economy

45
Q

What are some of the solutions to water pollution in Rio?

A

Overseas aid has been used to reduce the amount of sewage being released into the bay

12 new sewage works- $68 million

Ships are fined for discharging fuel illegally

46
Q

Describe the challenge of waste pollution in Rio

A

Rio produces huge amounts of waste. The worst problems are in the favelas

47
Q

What is the cause of waste pollution in Rio?

A

Steep slopes + lack of proper roads make access difficult for lorries

Most waste is dumped and pollutes water system

48
Q

What is the impact of waste pollution on quality of life in Rio?

A

Waste pollution can cause diseases like cholera for Rio’s residents

It is also an eyesore and not pleasant for residents, and may deter tourists from coming to the city

49
Q

What are some of the solutions for waste pollution in Rio?

A

A power plants has been set up near the University of Rio using methane gas (biogas) from rotting rubbish

It consumes 30 tonnes of rubbish a day and produces enough electricity for 1000 homes

50
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

When sewage pollution in a lake causes an increase in nutrients which can cause dense plant growths. This may lead to a loss of oxygen in the water

51
Q

What is a squatter settlement?

A

It is an area of a city that is built by people on land that does not belong to them. This means they are illegal settlements

52
Q

What are the challenges of Rio De Janeiro’s favelas?

A

Construction

Unemployment

Health

Crime

Services

53
Q

Describe the challenge of construction in Rio De Janeiro’s favelas

A

Initially poorly constructed houses. They are now mostly build from concrete and brick

Steep slopes-In 2010, 244 people were killed and 13,000 lost their homes in a landslide

Limited road access

54
Q

Describe the challenge of unemployment in Rio De Janeiro’s favelas

A

Unemployment rates are as high as 20%

Much employment is poorly paid with irregular jobs in the informal sector

55
Q

Describe the challenge of health in Rio De Janeiro’s favelas

A

Population densities of 37,000 per km

Infant mortality rates of 50 per 100

Waste can build in the street which can cause disease

Occasionally fires break out-smoke if harmful to health

56
Q

Describe the challenge of crime in Rio De Janeiro’s favelas

A

High murder rate-20 per 1000

Drug gangs dominate many favelas

Many inhabitants distrust the police because of violence and corruption

57
Q

Describe the challenge of servcies in Rio De Janeiro’s favelas

A

12% of homes have no running water

30% have no electricity

50% have no sewage connections

Drinking water requires several trips day day to city

58
Q

What is a self help scheme?

A

Local authorities help the squatter settlement residents to improve their homes by offering low-interest loans or grants and skill training

59
Q

What is an example of a site+service scheme in Rio?

A

The Favela Bairro project which started in 1995

Its aim was to improve the favelas, particularly by upgrading infrastructure and services

60
Q

What are some improvements to Rocinha due to the Favela Bairro project?

A

Improved schools and health services

Own newspaper and radio station

90% of houses are built with brick and with electricity as well as running water and sewage systems

Paved roads

Private university

Banks, cinema, travel agent and a mcdonalds

61
Q

How was the Favela Bairro project succesful?

A

Employment has improved-people now have a recognised address

Crime has reduced because the police now patrol this area making it safer. UPP have been used to reduce crime

Improved infrastructure- water supply and sewerage systems are put in place which improves people’s quality of life. This is because they live in a safe home and can drink clean water making them healthier

Life is improved because children can access schools and medical care giving them more opportunities in the future. Also leisure facilities like cinemas

Hillsides secure to prevent landslides

62
Q

How was the Favela Bairro project a failure?

A

Its expensive. Its budget of $1 billion dollars isn’t enoigh to improve the life for everyone. Scale of challenge is too large

Rents and prices rise in improved areas and so the poorest people can’t afford to liver there

Lack of maintenance-the local authority doesn’t maintain the new roads an service, so they may become dangerous and derelict over time

Residents lack the skills and resources to make repairs

Geography (16 decks)

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