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Bio Final fall2021 > Mendelian genetics > Flashcards

Mendelian genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Frameshift mutations are what

A

alterations in the reading frame of the

mRNA

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2
Q

We currently have three vaccines in the US

A

2 are RNA vaccines (Pfizer and
oderna)
1 is adenovirus vaccine (Johnson &
Johnson)

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3
Q

Aristotle (300’s BC) proposed that

that particles called pangenes did what

A

came together from all

parts of the body to form the sperm and the egg.

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4
Q

17th century biologists believed that only one of

the parents provided what

A

all of the childs inherited

characteristics

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5
Q

Leeuwenhoek proposed that the sperm contained a

miniature human that he called what

A

a homunculus and the mother

served only as an incubator. spermists

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6
Q

deGraff proposed that the egg contained what

A

the human and

the sperm only served to stimulate growth. ovists

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7
Q

19th century biologists concluded that both

parents contributed to the what

A

e characteristics of the offspring
and that a blending of traits occurred. They called this
the Blending Theory.

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8
Q

BLENDING THEORY proposed what

A

heredity material from each
parent mixed in the offspring and the
characteristics of the offspring would be
intermediate between the parental types

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9
Q

why cant we “see” blending theory

A 
We are all
different (exception: identical twins)
-y does not explain
characteristic skip generations to appear in
the next generation
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10
Q

what is PARTICULATE
THEORY OF
HEREDITY (Mendels)

A 
Parents transmit to
their offspring
discrete inheritable
factors (traits/genes)
that remain as
separate factors from
one generation to the
next.
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11
Q

why was Mendel successful

A 
trained to use math to help explain
natural phenomena
-He chose to
work with garden peas (Pisum sativum)
-e used true breeding varieties
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12
Q

what are true breeding varieties

A

a variety that when it
self-pollinates the offspring are the same as the
parents, generation after generation

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13
Q

exsample of genetic cross

A

1-removed stems from purple flower
2-transfered pollen from stamens of white flower to carpel of purple flower
3-pollinated carpel matired in pod
4-planted seeds from pod
5-examined offspring allpurple flowers (FIRST GEN)

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14
Q

what is p generation

A

true breeding parent (purple and while flower)

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15
Q

what is f 1 generation

A

hybrids (all plants had purple flowers)

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16
Q

what is f2 generation

A

ratio 3:1 (705 plants had purple flowers, 224 plants had white flowers )

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17
Q

what a Gene

A

Discrete unit in the DNA of a chromosome
which carries the hereditary information for a
character/trait

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18
Q

each gene in diploid organism is represented by what

A

two alleles

19
Q

what is an allele

A

variant of a gene

20
Q

what is locus

A

Specific location on a

chromosome that contains an allele

21
Q

what is character gene

A 
Inheritable feature (e.g. flower
color, eye color, nose shape
22
Q

what is a trait (allele)

A

Variant of character (e.g. purple

flower, blue eyes, pointed nose

23
Q

what is Monohybrid Cross

A 
A cross between parental varieties that
differ by one gene
• This type of cross follows the inheritance
of a single gene.
• From this type of cross Mendel deduced
his first law -- the Law of segregation.
24
Q

what is Phenotype

A

organisms observable characteristics

25
Q

what is HOMOZYGOUS:

A

Having two
identical alleles for a given
gene

26
Q

what is HETEROZYGOUS

A

Having
two different alleles for a
given gene

27
Q

what is the DOMINANT ALLELE:

A

The
allele that is fully expressed
in the phenotype on an
heterozygous organism

28
Q

what is the RECESSIVE ALLELE:

A 
The
allele that is completely
masked in the phenotype
on an heterozygous
organism
29
Q

what is a PUNNETT SQUARE

A

Way a
predicting the combinations
resulting from random genetic
crosses

30
Q

Alleles account for what

A

r the
variations in the
inherited characters

31
Q

two alleles are

inherited by

A

one from the
mother one from the
father.

32
Q

The dominant allele

determines the

A

appearance of the

organism

33
Q

the recessive allele has

A 
no
contribution for the
appearance of the
organism when in
presence of the dominant
allele
34
Q

what is mendels first law

A

Law of segregation of

alleles:

35
Q

what is the law of segregation of alleles

A 
The two allele in
a pair of homologous
chromosomes
segregate (i.e. separate
from each other) into
different gametes
-The alleles
then will pair again
randomly during the
fusion of gametes in
fertilization to give rise
to the new progeny
36
Q

what is a testcrosses

A

Cross between homozygous recessive and corresponding heterozygote to determine genotype of the latter

37
Q

what is it called when
neither allele is
dominant

A

incomplete

dominance

38
Q

What is the genetic basis for

transmission of 2 traits (genes)?

A

Dihybrid Cross: A cross between parental

varieties that differ by two genes

39
Q

what is the Law of independent

assortment:

A 
Each pair of
alleles assorts
independently in the
gametes because the nonhomologous chromosomes
assort themselves
independently during
meiosis I
40
Q

when does the law of independent assortment occur

A

when the genes
for two characteristics are
located on different pairs of
homologous chromosomes.

41
Q

Mendel arrived at two

principles of heredity by doing what.

A

By following the transmission of well-defined
characters from the P generation to the F1
and F2 generations

42
Q

what are two

principles of heredity

A

1-The law of segregation of alleles

2-The law of independent assortment

43
Q

the two principles of hereditary show us what

A

s how the genes are passed on
from generation to generation through the same simple
rules of chance that apply to the tossing of a coin

Bio Final fall2021 (10 decks)

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