cycle 9

Question 1

Evolutionary/phylogenetic tree

Answer 1

a hypothesis describing the evolutionary relationships of species or any group of organisms. Shows evolutionary history

Question 2

A hypothesis on evolution of humans

Answer 2

Ernst Haeckel in 1879
Lowest on tree is least complex, highest (man) is highly complex
This is proven to be incorrect

Question 3

LUCA

Answer 3

last universal common ancestor

Question 4

Ends of tree: tips/leaves

Answer 4

• Species or groups of organisms existing in the present = extant
• Tips are labelled

Question 5

Where lines meet: node

Answer 5

Represent a common ancestor (over time). Most recent node is at top.

Question 6

Rooting the tree

Answer 6

shows oldest part of the tree

Question 7

out group

Answer 7

organisms that has nothing to do with the organisms in tree, however, is oldest of all organisms. earliest to branch off

Question 8

monophyletic clade

Answer 8

all descendants of a common ancestor

Question 9

most recent common ancestor

Answer 9

shows organisms that are more closely related

Question 10

backbone trait

Answer 10

derived trait of animals (trait evolved after the ancestors of animals)

Question 11

ancestral trait

Answer 11

evolved BEFORE most recent common ancestor of a group. present in most common ancestor. NOT informative

Question 12

derived trait

Answer 12

evolved AFTER the most recent common ancestor of a group

Question 13

lost traits

Answer 13

not all members have an ancestral trait

Question 14

parsimony

Answer 14

simplest/shortest explanation is most likely

Question 15

shared trait

Answer 15

shared by at least 2 closely related members. not a unique trait

Question 16

synapomorphies

Answer 16

shared/derived. useful for determining evolutionary relationships

Question 17

Homoplasies

Answer 17

similarities don’t always correspond to relatedness (misleading traits)
-Don’t always share same recent common ancestor (developed independently)

Question 18

convergent evolution

Answer 18

Evolutionary misleading similarity despite distant evolutionary relationship

Question 19

Divergent evolution

Answer 19

misleading dissimilarity despite close evolutionary relationship

Question 20

Monophyletic groups

Answer 20

includes all taxa that descend from a common ancestor