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Psych 325 > Unit 10 > Flashcards

Unit 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is most social media research regarding?

A

-impact on well-being
(does it displace other good things in our lives - is one of)
(what’s being left out of the online interactions)

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2
Q

What 2 types of well-being can social media impact?

A

-physical
-psychological (emotional/affective & cognitive)
^are related to each other - impact each other

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3
Q

What is cognitive?

A
  • how you are thinking about your life
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4
Q

What is affective?

A

-your feelings or emotions

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5
Q

If ask youth if social media has an impact what do they think?

A

-think it has a positive effect
-allows you to connect, find info
(some do think negative tho)
-45% said neither

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6
Q

What are the direct effects on physical well-being from online?

A
  • 14-22yr olds - access health info online - b/c it’s accessible, anonymous, available 24/7 -may lead to changes in behaviour (13-18yr olds have said they have)
  • physical injury - inflamed tendon -text-messagers thumb
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7
Q

Indirect effects on physical well-being from online?

A
  • sleep (both physical & psychological)

- adolescents need sleep

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8
Q

How does phones/online/social media indirectly impact sleep?

A
  • displacement -(sleep w/ media use)
  • emotionally arousing content/interactions makes it difficult to fall asleep
  • bright light - (e-book on Ipad took longer to fall asleep & more sleepiness the next day)
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9
Q

What is the consensus on social media and psychological well-being?

A
  • no consensus
  • hotly debated - mixed research
  • most research has focused on young adults
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10
Q

How can social media affect your mood? (affective)

A

-emotional contagion -(emotional states can be transferred to others - can catch from social media?)

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11
Q

What is a study w/ emotional contagion? Issues?

A
  • Facebook Mood Study
  • done by fb team and other researchers
  • 700,000 users - manipulated what they saw for a week - experimental - positivity was reduced and negative emotions reduced -then rated emotional content of your own posts
  • when seeing les negative stuff posted less negative, (& same w/ less positive)
  • very controversial - ethics - consent
  • effects large enough? -tiny effect
  • meaningful w/in population?
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12
Q

Does social media impact depression?

A
  • mixed findings
  • early days of internet were linked w/ depression
  • correlational have found mixed (direction? Small relationship)
  • longitudinal - more info on direction - more on ‘within’ - still mixed findings (between individual effects but not within effects)
  • experimental - also mixed
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13
Q

What’s an example of an experimental study & social media?

A

-undergrads -3 weeks - normal use & limit to 10min/day - found those who had higher baseline depression rate when in experimental there was a decline in depressive symptoms -but those w/ low depression at start had no impact

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14
Q

What is another example of an experimental study on depression & social media?

A
  • randomly assigned undergrads
  • normal use or no social media for either, 1,2,3,4 weeks
  • found no difference btw normal use or treatment groups
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15
Q

Summary of social media & experimental designs on well-being?

A
  • 12 studies that reduced social media had a positive impact on well-being
  • 5 had no effect
  • 1 said negative effect (ie reducing social media negatively impacted well-being)
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16
Q

Why might the experimental studies results vary so much?

A
  • 3rd variables?
  • time duration of reduction (seems to have benefits to reduce for a short period of time, but what about longer?)
  • more benefits for reduction than full abstention
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17
Q

What is cognitive well-being?

A

how you think about your well-being - your life satisfaction

18
Q

Life satisfaction & media?

A
  • some find relationship w/ life satisfaction and social media use - but life satisfaction less impacted (?) b/c more stable than moods/emotions
  • but findings are mixed
19
Q

well-being & social media?

A
  • no consistent pattern

- not strongly tied to well-being - small effect (meta-analysis)

20
Q

2 types of how we use social media?

A
  • active - facilitates exchanges w/ others: chatting, posting, sharing
  • passive - lurking, consuming info w/o exchanges
21
Q

study -correlational - w/ types of use and social media?

A
  • 14-16yr olds - time on social media -active or passive, and relationship to depression -those who did more passive use had positive correlation w/ depression & anxiety
  • active had less strong of a relationship, but did have less depression & anxiety
  • (active use is more rare)
22
Q

study - experimental - types of use and social media?

A

-young adults - undergrads - Facebook - randomly assigned passive or active use - for 10min -then measured mood & well-being - immediately after & at end of day - no diff at baseline - no effect immediately - but was an effect at end of the day - passive dropped in well-being -(active slight increase but not strong) - maybe why mixed effects in other studies (can also boost)

23
Q

What about Asian Americans and their experiences of discrimination in Covid?

A

-those who had experienced were linked w/ greater social media use - diff types had diff effects - if messaging & posting = increased social support & linked to improved well-being - if passive/browsing - increased worry of discrimination & decreased well-being

24
Q

When might types of use not help with benefitting well-being?

A
  • Displacement theory

- if it displaces or distracts from face-to-face -which is linked w/ poorer social connections & well-being

25
Q

How does Social Comparison relate to social media?

A
  • context/opportunity to compare ourselves - judge how we’re doing -available - public - lots of ppl -ppl in similar shoes to you
  • can curate themselves
  • asynchronicity & cues management - more upward?
  • more upward can lead to poorer mental health - can lead to more envy - but depends on type of use & on what’s being viewed (more envy for upward)
26
Q

study of social comparison & social media?

A

-college students w/ range of depression - had them view someone who was rated as attractive or someone unattractive - when attractive (for everyone) increased envy - more pronounced for those w/ high levels of depression

27
Q

So overall what are two main mechanisms of social media? (a 3rd?)

A
  • social relationships
  • social comparison
  • FOMO
28
Q

What is FOMO? What is it linked with?

A
  • kind of anxiety for when missing out on something that is socially rewarding - differs in individuals - some can be higher in it - it’s a trait - having higher fomo is linked w/ lower self-esteem, lower well-being, lower life satisfaction
  • fomo is correlated w/ social media use - seems to predict social media use as well - but maybe a spiral (fomo drives to social media, social media increases fomo)
29
Q

What is a possible reason why active use is better for mental health?

A

-possibly more disclosure? makes you closer with ppl

30
Q

Are more ppl active or passive users?

A

-passive

31
Q

What study contradicts passive vs. active?

A
  • Valkenburg, Beyens, Pouwels - october 2021
  • found evidence that didn’t support passive social media use hypothesis
  • (80% of the 20% who were passive user, didn’t have worse mental health)
  • those who had high browsing enjoyment experienced better mental health -those low still had positive effect to well-being (9% of them)
32
Q

So is it proven that active use is better than passive?

A
  • quite a bit of research thought yes -but then recent study shows it’s not a given
  • jury is still out
  • (maybe now ppl are so used to social media it’s normal & seamless)
33
Q

So overall does social media lead to poorer mental health?

A

-no not necessarily - there is a small relationship but found mostly through correlational

34
Q

What is an example of social media well-being & correlational?

A
  • Facebook - 14 days -young adults - Kross et al (2013)
  • found lower life satisfaction, lower mood, more loneliness & more facebook use correlated w/ more facebook use - at end of 14 days, less life satisfaction
  • cycle - more upset, more go on facebook, then more upset
  • BUT older finding, correlational, small effects
35
Q

What is recent research finding about social media use and well-being? Why?

A
  • might not be an effect -is there is, small and nearly insignificant
  • complex relationship, context, content, differences in platforms, reasons for use, types of use, maybe more focus on positive mental health in general now
36
Q

Summary of social media & well-being

A

-many studies have found link btw social media & mental health - but it is exceedingly small -when it is bigger, usually relating to something else, underlying thing -ex. screen use is a symptom of existing mental health issue

37
Q

How about social media in time of COVID?

A

-Social Determination Theory - need for relatedness -social media can provide opportunities to connect - if satisfied then associated w/ better physical & mental health

38
Q

How about social media in time of COVID?

A
  • Social Determination Theory - need for relatedness -social media can provide opportunities to connect - if satisfied then associated w/ better physical & mental health - can also frustrate it
  • (maybe competence too, seeing others accomplishments when you’re stuck in covid -pressure)
39
Q

What was the CyberTeens project?

A
  • 997 students - 2 highschools (one in school, other online and in school) in BC
  • longitudinal - online questions
  • mixed-methods - 3 key themes - indifferent, disconnected, and connected - only 28% were disconnected (64% connected (& 69% of those mentioned importance of tech)
  • helped satisfy need for relatedness
  • thos disconnected were at risk - peer attachment secuirty made a difference (less likely to feel disconnected) and FOMO (even if had peer security, if had FOMO then more likely to feel disconnected)
  • problematic smartphone use, screen time, and parent attachment security weren’t helpful
  • FOMO was a predictor - fear more important than the security (fear of losing security probably)
40
Q

Summarize Coyne

A
  • 8 year longitudinal - (time on) social media and (impact on) well-being -13 years old to 20 (500)
  • girls on SNS more
  • use more social media as grow up
  • did between & within
  • between effects of social networking & anxiety - but not within - depressive symptoms unrelated to future networking except depression at age 16 predicted social networking at age 17
  • causal
  • displacement theory -uses and gratification theory
  • social media not a social risk factor for the development of depression and anxiety
  • limitations: - self-report -bias -social media effect might appear later in life
41
Q

Summarize Parent, Dadgar, Xiao, Hesse, Shapka - COVID

A
  • social disconnection during covid - attachment, FOMO, smartphone use - mixed methods - 2 schools -online survey -open-ended question -3 themes: socially connected, disconnected, indifferent
  • secure peer attachments is portective factor - but FOMO was independent risk (didn’t matter if had secure peer) -perceived peer secuirity
  • attachment theory
  • screen time application -smartphone addiction scale -
  • 28% felt disconnect,, 64% felt connected (emphasis on tech) - disconnect risk for mental health issues etc.
  • rural & urban made difference (rural was protective) but diff school situation (in full time)
  • fomo - predictor of social disconnection -can fear losing secure attachments
  • smartphone use and & problematic use not associated w/ disconnection
  • limitations: - not ethnically diverse - ppl who didn’t repond, underrepresented -self-report - impossible to have causal because it was cross-sectional -used overall screen time not specific activities on phone

Psych 325 (10 decks)

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