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BPS Exam Study > Robbins Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Robbins Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Extracellular fibrillar networks that concentrate antimicrobial substances at sites of infection and trap microbes, helping to prevent their spread

A

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)

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2
Q

How are NETs formed?

A

Start with ROS-dependent activation

Arginine deaminase converts arginines to citrulline -> chromatin decondensation

Other enzymes enter nucleus and cause further chromatin decondensation

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3
Q

The nuclear chromatin in the NETS (including histones and associated DNA) have been postulated to be involved in which disease?

A

SLE (and other systemic autoimmune disease)

Nuclear chromatin as a source of nuclear antigens

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4
Q

What are the major opsonins?

A
  • Immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies
  • Mannose binding lectin
  • Collectins
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5
Q

The most potent bactericidal system of neutrophils

A

H2O2-MPO-halide system

(important in formation of reactive oxygen species and killing of microbes)

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6
Q

Inherited deficiencies of components of phagocyte oxidase cause this immunodeficiency disease

A

Chronic granulomatous disease

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7
Q

3 different types of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)

A
  • endothelial (eNOS)
  • neuronal (nNOS)
  • inducible (iNOS)
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8
Q

In cell proliferation in regeneration/repair, what is the most important source of growth factors?

A

Macrophages activated by the tissue injury

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9
Q

How are hepatocytes primed for cell proliferation in the process of regeneration?

A

Cytokines such as IL-6 secreted by Kupffer cells prime the hepatocytes and makes them competent to receive signals from growth factors

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10
Q

Main type of macrophages involved in repair

A

Alternatively activated M2 type

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11
Q

Signaling pathway that regulates the sprouting and branching of new vessels

A

Notch

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12
Q

Most important cytokine for the synthesis and deposition of connective tissue proteins

A

TGF-beta

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13
Q

Fibroblasts that acquire features of smooth muscle cells including the presence of actin filaments

A

Myofibroblasts

(these contribute to the contracture of the scar over time)

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14
Q

During scar formation, MMPs are activated to remodel the deposited ECM and their activity is shut down by…

A

TIMPs (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases)

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15
Q

Which cytokine activates macrophages as part of the classical pathway?

A

IFN gamma

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16
Q

What is the main role of macrophages activated by the alternative pathway?

A

Termination of inflammation and promote tissue repair

17
Q

Which pathway of macrophage activation results in production of ROS, NO and lysosomal enzymes which enhance their ability to destroy microbes

A

Classically activated pathway

18
Q

Which subset of CD4+ T cells produces the cytokine IFN-gamma and activates macrophages by the classical pathway?

A

Th1

19
Q

Which subset of CD4+ T cells secretes IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 which recruit and activates eosinophils and are responsible for the alternative pathway of macrophage activation?

A

Th2 cells

20
Q

Which subset of CD4+ T cells secretes IL-17 and other cytokines which are responsible for recruiting neutrophils and monocytes into the reaction?

A

Th17

21
Q

What is contained in the granules of eosinophils?

A

Major basic protein - a highly cationic protein that is toxic to helminths

22
Q

What is the role of CRP and SAA (serum amyloid A) in acute inflammation?

A

Bind to microbial cell walls, may act as opsonins and fix complement

23
Q

Cytokines that stimulate the production of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus resulting in fever

A

TNF and IL-1

24
Q

Cytokines that are the most notable in sepsis

A

TNF

IL-1

25
Q

Inherited defect in phagolysosome function

A

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

26
Q

What are the major opsonins?

A

IgG antibodies

C3b

Mannose-binding lectin

Collectins

27
Q

What are 3 examples of macrophage receptors that enable binding to microbes?

A
  • Mannose receptors
  • scavenger receptors (binds LDL)
  • Integrins (e.g. MAC-1)
28
Q

Enzyme contained in the azurophilic granules of neutrophils

In the presence of Cl- converts H2O2 to hypochlorite

A

Myeloperoxidase (MPO)

29
Q

The most potent bactericidal system of neutrophils

A

H2O2-MPO-halide system

30
Q

Result of an inherited deficiency of MPO

A

Minimal increase in susceptibility to infection

31
Q

Antioxidants that protect healthy cells from damage by reactive oxygen species (name 5)

A
  • the enzyme superoxide dismutase
  • catalase
  • glutathione peroxidase
  • ceruloplasmin
  • iron-free fraction of plasma transferrin
32
Q

Inherited deficiency of components of phagocyte oxidase (NADPH oxidase)

A

Chronic granulomatous disease

33
Q

Major inhibitor of neutrophil elastase

A

Alpha-1- antitrypsin

34
Q

Part of NETs which have been postulated as source of nuclear antigens in systemic autoimmune diseases (e.g. SLE)

A

Nuclear chromatin, including histones and associated DNA

35
Q

3 main microbicidal substances produced by macrophages and neutrophils

A
  • reactive oxygen species
  • NO
  • lysosomal enzymes
36
Q

Major responses of Macrophages to activating stimuli

A
  • Cytokine production
  • Induction of NO by transcriptional activity of iNOS
37
Q

Major response of Neutrophils to activating stimuli

A
  • reactive oxygen species (respiratory burst)
  • degranulation (induced by cytoskeletal rearrangement)
  • secretion of lysosomal enzymes
  • NET formation

BPS Exam Study (12 decks)

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