Unit 5 (Enlightenment)

Question 1

Enlightenment

Answer 1

An eighteenth-century intellectual movement, led by the philosophies, that stressed the application of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of life

Question 2

High Culture

Answer 2

The literacy and artistic culture of the educated and wealthy ruling class

Question 3

Voltaire

Answer 3

French enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his criticism of christianity

Question 4

Denis Diderot

Answer 4

French philosopher, art critic, and writer, co founder, chief editor and contributor to the encyclopedia

Question 5

Popular Culture

Answer 5

As opposed to high culture, the unofficial written and unwritten culture of the masses, much of which was traditionally passed down orally and centered on public group activities such as festivals. In modern culture it means entertainment, recreation, and pleasures that people purchase as part of the mass consumer society.

Question 6

Deism

Answer 6

Belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe

Question 7

Feminism

Answer 7

The belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes

Question 8

John Locke

Answer 8

English philosopher and physician, one of the most influential on the enlightenment, “Father of Liberalism

Question 9

Laissez-Faire

Answer 9

“Let them do as they please.” An economic doctrine that holds that an economy is best served Sejm the government does not interfere but allows the economy to self-regulate according to the forces of supply and demand.

Question 10

Adam Smith

Answer 10

Scottish economist, philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and a key figure during the Scottish enlightenment

Question 11

“Invisible Hand”

Answer 11

A metaphor describing the unintended greater social benefits and public good brought about by individuals acting in their own self interests.

Question 12

David Hume

Answer 12

Scottish Enlightenment philosopher, historian, economist, librarian, and essayist, known for his influential system of philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism

Question 13

Methodism

Answer 13

A group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their doctrine of practice and belief from the life and teachings of John Wesley. … They were named Methodists for “the methodical way in which they carried out their Christian faith”.

Question 14

Mary Wollstonecraft

Answer 14

English writer, philosopher, and advocate of women’s rights

Question 15

Natural Laws

Answer 15

A body of laws or specific principles held to be derived from nature and binding on all humans societies even in the absence of written laws governing such matters.

Question 16

Madame Geoffrin

Answer 16

French salon holder who was one of the leading female figures in the French enlightenment

Question 17

Natural Rights

Answer 17

Certain inalienable rights to which all people are entitled, including the right to life, liberty, and property, freedom of speech and religion, and equality before the law.

Question 18

Salon

Answer 18

Gatherings of philosophers and other notables to discuss the ideas of the enlightenment; so called from the elegant drawing rooms(salons) where they met

Question 19

Philosphe

Answer 19

French term for an enlightenment thinker

Question 20

Skepticism

Answer 20

A doubtful or questioning attitude, especially about religion

Question 21

Montesquieu

Answer 21

French judge,man of letter, historian, and political philosopher, source of theory of separation of powers

Question 22

Pietism

Answer 22

A movement that arose in Germany in the 17th century whose goal was to foster a personal experience of god as the focus of true religious experience

Question 23

Rationalism

Answer 23

A system of thought based on the belief that human reason and experience are the chief sources of knowledge

Question 24

The social contract

Answer 24

A book in which Rousseaum theorized about the best way to establish a political community in the face of problems of commercial society

Question 25

Separation of Powers

Answer 25

A doctrine enunciated by Montesquieu in the 18th century that separate executive, judicial, and legislative powers serve to limit and control each other

Question 26

Neoclassicism

Answer 26

A late eighteenth century artistic movement that emerged in France, it sought to recapture the dignity and simplicity of the classical style of Ancient Greece and Rome

Question 27

Rococo

Answer 27

An 18th century artistic movement that emphasized grace, gentility, lightness, and charm

Question 28

A Vindication of the rights of women

Answer 28

Written by Mary Wollstonecraft, one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy

Question 29

The Wealth of Nations

Answer 29

The magnum opus of Adam Smith, known as the birth of free market economics

Question 30

The Spirit of the Laws(1748)

Answer 30

A treatise on political theory, as well as a pioneering work in comparative law, published in 1748 by Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu.

Question 31

Letters on the English(1734, 1778)

Answer 31

French: Lettres philosophiques) is a series of essays written by Voltaire based on his experiences living in England between 1726 and 1729 (though from 1707 the country was part of the Kingdom of Great Britain). It was published first in English in 1733 and then in French the following year, where it was seen as an attack on the French system of government and was rapidly suppressed.

Question 32

Emile

Answer 32

Rousseaus “best and most important works” became inspiration for new national system of education

Question 33

The Social Contract (1762)

Answer 33

The Social Contract (1762), Rousseau asserts that democracy is incompatible with representative institutions, a position that renders it all but irrelevant to nation-states (see state). The sovereignty of the people, he argues, can be neither alienated nor represented.