Selenium

Question 1

Rules for id attribute:

Answer 1

• must be unique in a HTML document
• least one character
• no spaces
• case sensitive

Question 2

Ways to locate HTML elements on a web page:

Answer 2

Order of preference:

• id
• name (if unique)
• class
• CSS selector
• XPath without text or indexing
• Link text or partial link text
• XPath with text or indexing

Question 3

How to locate HTML elements by name attribute:

Answer 3

• ctr + F and type in the name of the element
• Selenium WebDriver method, ex:
  browser=webdriver.Firefox()
  browser.get(“https://stackoverflow.com”)
  element = browser.find_element(By.NAME,”q”)

Question 4

How to locate HTML elements by id attribute:

Answer 4

• ctr + F and type in the id

-Selenium WebDriver method, ex:
browser=webdriver.Firefox()
browser.get(“https://stackoverflow.com”)
element = browser.find_element(By.ID, “hiking”)

Question 5

How to locate HTML elements by class attribute:

Answer 5

• ctr + F and type in the class, preceded by “.”, ex: .vector-menu-heading

-Selenium WebDriver method, ex:
browser=webdriver.Firefox()
browser.get(“https://stackoverflow.com”)
element = browser.find_element(By.CLASS, “vector-menu-heading”)

Question 6

The name attribute:

Answer 6

• does not have to be unique

- is mostly used in forms to reference the element when data is submitted, e.g. login forms

Question 7

XPath

Answer 7

• stands for XML path language
• uses path expressions to identify and navigate nodes in an XML document
• can be used to select one or more nodes in the document using relative or absolute paths
• used in worst case scenarios, like when a specific class, name, or id is unavailable

Question 8

Absolute XPath

Answer 8

• the complete path from the root to the desired element, ex: /html/body/form[1]
• not as desirable to use as relative XPath

Question 9

Relative XPath

Answer 9

• just references the desired element, ex: //form[1]

- preferred over absolute XPath

Question 10

How to locate HTML element by XPath:

Answer 10

-Selenium WebDriver method, ex:
browser=webdriver.Firefox()
browser.get(“https://stackoverflow.com”)
element = browser.find_element(By.XPATH, “//form[1]”)

Question 11

XPath Syntax: //

Answer 11

selects nodes in the document from the current node that match the selection no matter where they are

Question 12

XPath Syntax: /

Answer 12

Selects from the root node

Question 13

XPath Syntax: .

Answer 13

Selects the current node

Question 14

XPath Syntax: ..

Answer 14

Selects the parent of the current node

Question 15

XPath Syntax: @

Answer 15

Selects attributes

Question 16

XPath Syntax: nodename

Answer 16

Selects all nodes with the name “nodename”

Question 17

Class names

Answer 17

not unique

Question 18

What are waits?

Answer 18

• Elements in a webpage may be loaded at different time intervals due to Ajax calls
• Waiting adds a time interval between actions performed by WebDriver

Question 19

Explicit Waits

Answer 19

• Stops execution until a certain condition is satisfied

- It’s good practice to use explicit waits before locating and interacting with elements

Question 20

Implicit Waits

Answer 20

• Polls the DOM for a given amount of time while trying to locate an element
• Differs from explicit waits by waiting before every call made by your script. Explicit waits wait for a specific condition to be fulfilled only.

Question 21

CSS Selectors: *

Answer 21

Universal selector: selects all elements. Optionally, it may be restricted to a specific namespace or to all namespaces

Question 22

CSS Selectors: elementname

Answer 22

Type selector: selects all elements that have the given node name.
Example: input will match any element with the name elementname

Question 23

CSS Selectors: .

Answer 23

Class selector: selects all elements that have the given class attribute. 
Example: .index will match any element that has a class of "index".

Question 24

CSS Selectors: #

Answer 24

id selector: selects an element based on the value of its id attribute. There should be only one element with a given ID in a document.

Example: #toc will match the element that has the ID “toc”.

Question 25

CSS Selectors: []

Answer 25

Selects all elements that have the given attribute.

Example: [autoplay] will match all elements that have the autoplay attribute set (to any value).

Question 26

How to locate elements by CSS Selectors:

Answer 26

• ctrl + F and type in element with appropriate CSS selector (., *, [], etc)

-Selenium WebDriver method, ex:
browser=webdriver.Firefox()
browser.get(“https://stackoverflow.com”)
element = browser.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, “h1”)

Question 27

Which is more convenient to use for checking the existence of an element?

Answer 27

find_elements