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Nutrition 1 (Semester I) > 8b. Vitamins - Water Soluble > Flashcards

8b. Vitamins - Water Soluble Flashcards

1
Q

What is the alternative name for vit B1?

A

Thiamine

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2
Q

What is the active form of B1?

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate

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3
Q

What mineral is needed to convert B1 to thiamine pyrophosphate?

A

Magnesium

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4
Q

What impairs the conversion of B1 to thiamine pyrophosphate?

A

Alcohol

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5
Q

How long can B1 stores in the body last?

A

1 month

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6
Q

What can easily reduce B1 content in food?

A

Processing - milling, chopping, canning, adding sulphites, baking soda

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7
Q

What percentage of B1 content is reduced by boiling/freezing?

A

50%

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8
Q

What percentage of B1 is lost during toasting?

A

30%

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9
Q

Examples of B1 food sources

A

Wholegrains
Nuts
Seeds
Yeast extract

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10
Q

What are the main functions of B1?

A

Energy production

Nervous system functioning

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11
Q

What are the functions of B1 in energy production?

A

Carb, fat, protein metabolism

Formation of acetyl-CoA

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12
Q

What are the functions of B1 in nervous system functioning?

A

Acetyl-CoA is a precursor to acetylcholine

Neurotransmitters e.g. GABA are created by amino acids metabolised by B1

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13
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B1 in energy production?

A

Fatigue
Supporting energy production in increased need
Fertility

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14
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B1 in nervous system functioning?

A 
Cognitive decline/memory loss
Alzheimer's
Parkinson's
Nerve repair
Low mood
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15
Q

What can impair B1 absorption?

A 
Alcohol
Tea
Coffee
OCP
Stress
Antacids
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16
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of B1 deficiency?

A 
Fatigue
Muscle weakness
GIT disturbance
Depression
Irritability
Beri beri
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17
Q

What is B2 also known as?

A

Riboflavin

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18
Q

What colour is B2?

A

Florescent green/yellow

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19
Q

What can reduce the food content of B2?

A

Light
Heating/boiling
Freezing

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20
Q

Examples of B2 food sources

A 
Wholegrains
Nuts
Seeds
Yeast extract
Spinach
Eggs
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21
Q

What are the functions of B2?

A

Energy production
Liver detoxification
Iron metabolism

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22
Q

What are the functions of B2 in energy production?

A

Carbs, fats, protein metabolism
Krebs cycle
Beta-oxidation
Constituent of FAD and FMN energy carriers

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23
Q

What are the functions of B2 in liver detoxification?

A

Phase 1 liver detoxification via CYP450 enzymes

Regeneration of glutathione

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24
Q

What are the functions of B2 in iron metabolism?

A

Main requirement for Fe metabolism

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25
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B2 in energy production?

A

Fatigue
Migraines
Stress

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26
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B2 in liver detoxification?

A

Liver detoxification programmes

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27
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B2 in iron metabolism?

A

Anaemia

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28
Q

What helps increase intestinal absorption of B2?

A

Bile salts

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29
Q

What decreases bioavailability and absorption of B2?

A 
Alcohol
Antacids
Caffeine
Copper
Zinc
Theophylline (choc)
Saccharin
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30
Q

What can reduce B2 levels in the body?

A

Smoking
Heavy exercise
Pregnancy
Ageing

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31
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of B2 deficiency?

A 
Fatigue
Weakness
Poor concentration
Depression
Sores at mouth corners
Red, dry atrophic tongue
Scaly dermatitis
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32
Q

What is the alternative name for B3?

A

Niacin

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33
Q

What are the B3 vitamers?

A

Nicotinic acid

Nicotinamide

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34
Q

What are the active forms of B3?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)

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35
Q

How is B3 synthesised in the body?

A

From tryptophan

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36
Q

How much tryptophan produces 1mg of B3?

A

60mg

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37
Q

Examples of B3 food sources

A 
Nuts
Seeds
Yeast extract
Spinach
Eggs
Meat
Fish
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38
Q

What reduces B3 in foods?

A

Cooking

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39
Q

What are the co-factors that B3 needs to be synthesised?

A

B2
B6
Iron

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40
Q

What is niacin flush?

A

Skin flush and itch due to supplementation

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41
Q

How can you try to avoid niacin flush?

A

Initial dose of 25mg
Then gradually increase
Take with 1g vit C

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42
Q

Where is B3 mostly stored?

A

Liver
Heart
Muscles
Kidneys

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43
Q

Where is B3 absorbed?

A

Small intestine

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44
Q

What are the functions of B3?

A

Energy production
Cardiovascular
Insulin

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45
Q

What are the functions of B3 in energy production?

A

Glycolysis
Acetyl-CoA formation
Krebs Cycle
Fatty acid oxidation

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46
Q

What are the functions of B3 in CV health?

A

Lowers secretion of LDL

Vasodilatory (lowers BP)

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47
Q

What are the functions of B3 in insulin?

A

Glucose-tolerance factor (GTF) which plays an important role in insulin response uses B3

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48
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B3 in energy production?

A

Fatigue
Supporting energy production in increased need
Alzheimer’s

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49
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B3 in CV health?

A

CV disease

Hyperlipidaemia

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50
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B3 in insulin?

A

Diabetes 2 and 1

PCOS

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51
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of B3 mild deficiency?

A 
Fatigue
Vomiting
Depression
Indigestion
Mouth ulcers
Sensitivity to strong light
Red tongue
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52
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of B3 severe deficiency?

A 
Pellagra:
Diarrhoea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death
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53
Q

What conditions can occur with high levels of B3?

A

Hypotension
Hypothyroidism
Flush
Hepatotoxicity

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54
Q

Why can B3 supplementation worsen gout?

A

B3 competes with urate for excretion

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55
Q

What is the alternative name for B5?

A

Pantothenic acid

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56
Q

Examples of B5 food sources

A 
Nuts
Seeds
Avocados
Shiitake mushrooms
Meat
Fish
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57
Q

How is B5 made?

A

By intestinal bacteria

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58
Q

What could reduce the synthesis of B5?

A

Antibiotics

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59
Q

What percentage of B5 is lost during processing, cooking and freezing?

A

Up to 80%

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60
Q

What are the functions of B5?

A

Energy production
Fat metabolism
Stress hormones
Antihistamine

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61
Q

What are the functions of B5 in energy production?

A

Carb and protein metabolism

Acetyl-CoA production

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62
Q

What are the functions of B5 in fat metabolism?

A

Synthesis of fatty acids

Degradation of fatty acids

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63
Q

What are the functions of B5 in stress hormones?

A

Acetyl-CoA makes neurotransmitters
Co-factor for stress hormones
(so used up quickly when stressed)

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64
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B5 in energy production?

A

Fatigue

Supporting energy production in increased need

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65
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B5 in fat metabolism?

A

Acne vulgaris

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66
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B5 in stress hormones?

A

Adrenal fatigue
PMS
Stress
Hormonal dysfunction

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67
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B5 in antihistamines?

A

Allergies

Hay fever

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68
Q

In what situations is there an increased need for B5?

A

Antibiotics
Alcoholics
Prolonged stress
Recent surgery

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69
Q

What are the deficiency signs/symptoms of B5?

A

Fatigue
Burning sensation in feet
Tender heals
Abdominal distress

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70
Q

What is the alternative name for B6?

A

Pyridoxine

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71
Q

What are the active forms of B6 called?

A

Pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (PLP)

Pyridoxamine 5’-phosphate (P5P)

72
Q

Examples of B6 food sources

A 
Wholegrains
Nuts
Seeds
Avocados
Meat
Fish
73
Q

Where in the body is B6 synthesised?

A

Small intestine

74
Q

What reduces the bioavailability of B6?

A

Processing
Preserving
Heating
Light

75
Q

What factors increase B6 requirements?

A 
Alcohol
OCP
GIT issues
Stress
Pregnancy
Antibiotics
Chemotherapy
76
Q

What are the functions of B6?

A

Neurotransmitter
Energy production
RBC production
Methylation

77
Q

What are the neurotransmitter functions of B6?

A

Synthesis of GABA, dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin

78
Q

What are the energy production functions of B6?

A

Amino acid metabolism

Releases stored glucose

79
Q

What are the RBC formation functions of B6?

A

Haem production

80
Q

What are the methylation functions of B6?

A

Lowers homocysteine

81
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B6 in neurotransmitter production?

A 
GIT motility
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Morning sickness
Lactation
PMS
82
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B6 in energy production?

A

Fatigue

83
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B6 in RBC production?

A

Anaemia

84
Q

What are the therapeutic functions of B6 in methylation?

A

CV disease

85
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of B6 deficiency?

A 
Skin lesions
Dermatitis
Tongue inflammation
Sores corner of mouth
Anaemia
Fatigue
Depression
Hormonal imbalance
86
Q

Which drug is depleted by B6?

A

Levodopa

87
Q

What is the alternative name for B7?

A

Biotin

88
Q

Why does raw egg consumption deplete B7 availability?

A

Raw egg whites contain a protein called avidin

Makes biotin unavailable

89
Q

Why do cooked eggs not affect B7 availability?

A

Protein avidin becomes denatured during cooking

90
Q

Examples of B7 food sources

A

Wholegrains
Nuts
Yeast extract
Egg yolk

91
Q

What are the functions of B7?

A

Gene regulation

Blood sugar regulation

92
Q

What are the functions of B7 in gene expression?

A

Regulates gene expressions

Supports rapidly regenerating tissues e.g. skin, nails, hair

93
Q

What is the function of B7 in blood sugar regulation?

A

Improves blood glucose control (with chromium)

94
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B7 in gene expression?

A

Brittle nails
Dry/brittle hair
Dandruff

95
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B7 in blood sugar regulation?

A

Diabetes

PCOS

96
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of B7 deficiency?

A 
Dermatitis
Dry, scaly, flaky skin
Hair loss/thinning
Depigmentation
Smooth pale tongue
97
Q

What can reduce the production of B7?

A

Antibiotics

98
Q

What diet may enhance B7 synthesis and absorption?

A

Vegetarian

99
Q

What may inhibit the absorption of B7?

A

Anticonvulsant drugs

Alcohol

100
Q

What is the alternative name for B9?

A

Folate

101
Q

What is the active form of B9?

A

Tetrahydrofolate (THF)

102
Q

What is folic acid?

A

The synthetic form of folate

103
Q

Examples of food sources of B9

A

Leafy greens
Avocado
Legumes
Liver

104
Q

What does the absorption of B9 need?

A

Adequate pancreatic enzymes

105
Q

What is needed to release B9 from cells?

A

Vit B12

removes methyl group

106
Q

What is the ‘folate trap’?

A

Where a lack of B12 means it’s unable to remove the methyl group from the folate, and the folate becomes trapped inside cells in its methyl form
Unable to perform its functions

107
Q

When B9 supplementation is required, when is it advisable to recommend the methylated form of B9?

A

People with low B12

People with methylation issues

108
Q

What are the functions of B9?

A

CV health
Embryo health
Formation of RBC

109
Q

What are the functions of B9 in CV health?

A

Methylation of homocysteine to methionine

110
Q

What are the functions of B9 in embryo health?

A

Required for the healthy development of neural tube

111
Q

What are the functions of B9 in RBC development?

A

Erythrocyte synthesis

112
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B9 in CV health?

A

Atherosclerosis

Alzheimer’s

113
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B9 in RBC formation?

A

Anaemia

114
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B9 in embryo health?

A

Prevent spina bifida

115
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of B9 deficiency?

A

Anaemia
Skin issues
Digestive issues

116
Q

What factors can lead to a B9 deficiency?

A 
Alcohol
OCP
Diuretics
Aspirin
GIT disorders
Diets low in green leafy veg
Old age
117
Q

Who should consult their GP before B9 supplementation?

A

Those on methotrexate

Those on anticonvulsants

118
Q

What is the dosage of B9 for preconception/conception care?

A

600mcg/day

119
Q

What are the safety considerations around B9?

A 
Naturally occurring B9 is safe
Folic acid (synthetic) supplements have the most drug interactions of all vits
High folic acid supplementation can mask B12 deficiency
120
Q

What is the alternative name for B12?

A

Cobalamin

121
Q

What are the active forms of B12?

A

Methylcobalamin
Hydroxycobalamin
Cyanocobalamin
Adenosyl cobalamin

122
Q

How long can B12 be stored in the liver?

A

3-5 years

123
Q

Examples of B12 food sources

A 
Nutritional yeast
Shiitake mushrooms
Eggs
Fortified cereals
Meat
Fish
124
Q

What are the functions of B12?

A

Nervous system
Energy production
RBC production
Methylation

125
Q

What are the functions of B12 in the nervous system?

A

Myelin sheath production
Neurotransmitter production
Choline for brain function

126
Q

What are the functions of B12 in energy production?

A

Energy production from fats and proteins

127
Q

What are the functions of B12 in RBC production?

A

Erythropoiesis

128
Q

What are the functions of B12 in methylation?

A

Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

129
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B12 in the nervous system?

A

Tingling/pins and needles
Sciatica
MS

130
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B12 in energy production?

A

Fatigue

131
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B12 in RBC production?

A

Megaloblastic anaemia

132
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of B12 in methylation?

A

CV disease

Alzheimer’s

133
Q

Why can a poor diet lead to B12 deficiency?

A

Lack of B12 rich foods

Diet rich in highly processed, nutrient depleted foods

134
Q

Why can GIT issues cause a B12 deficiency?

A 
Lack of IF
Low hydrochloric acid production
Low pancreatic enzymes
SI issues e.g. Crohn's, coeliac
High alcohol
135
Q

If a client has a good dietary intake of B12, yet is deficient, what could be the possible cause?

A

Absorption issue

Problem with methylation

136
Q

What is the most common cause of B12 deficiency?

A

Malabsorption due to inadequate IF

137
Q

What is B12 deficiency due to lack of IF called?

A

Pernicious anaemia

138
Q

What is pernicious anaemia?

A

AI attack on the parietal cells in stomach

that make IF

139
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of B12 deficiency?

A 
Fatigue
Breathlessness
Pallor
Tingling
Numbness
Loss of balance
Decreased reflexes
140
Q

What is the best way of testing B12?

A

Testing MethylMalonicAcid

141
Q

Which drugs lower B12 levels?

A 
OCP
Metformin
Excessive alcohol
PPIs
H2 receptor antagonists
142
Q

What may be used to enhance B12 absorption?

A

Calcium

143
Q

What is the alternative name for vit C?

A

Ascorbic acid

144
Q

Why are humans more susceptible to disease than animals?

A

Humans can’t synthesise vit C; animals can

145
Q

Does vit C need to be modified by the body in order to function?

A

No

146
Q

Examples of vit C food sources

A 
Fresh, raw fruit/veg
Peppers
Kiwi
Blackcurrants
Berries
Rosehips
147
Q

What in citrus fruits prevents the browning of apples/pears?

A

Ascorbate oxidase

148
Q

Where is vit C absorbed?

A

Mouth

SI

149
Q

How is vit C transported into cells?

A

By glucose transporters

150
Q

What implications does high blood glucose levels have for vit C uptake?

A

Can inhibit uptake

151
Q

Where does vit C concentrate storage?

A

Adrenal glands
WBC
Thymus
Pituitary glands

152
Q

What factors increase the breakdown or excretion of vit C?

A 
Stress
Viral illnesses
Alcohol
Smoking
Heavy metals
Aspirin
OCP
Burns
Infections
153
Q

What are the functions of vit C?

A 
Anti-oxidant
Collagen synthesis
Cholesterol lowering
Endocrine functions
Energy production
Iron absorption
Neurotransmitter synthesis
154
Q

What are the AO functions of vit C?

A

Protects proteins, fats, carbs, RNA and DNA from free radicals
Recycles other AOs e.g. vit E, glutathione
Upregulates interferons, NK cells, T-cells

155
Q

What are the cholesterol lowering functions of vit C?

A

Conversion of cholesterol to bile acids

156
Q

What are the iron absorption functions of vit C?

A

Enhances iron absorption by protecting it from oxidation

157
Q

What are the endocrine functions of vit C?

A

Synthesis of thyroxine and adrenal steroid hormones

158
Q

What are the collagen synthesis functions of vit C?

A

Vit C is a co-factor in collagen synthesis

Important for forming strong tendons, ligaments and bones, repairing wounds, improving gum health

159
Q

What are the neurotransmitter synthesis functions of vit C?

A

Co-factor for production of serotonin

160
Q

What are the energy production functions of vit C?

A

Transport of long chain fatty acids into the mitochondria for ATP production

161
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of vit C as an AO?

A 
Cancer
CV disease
Alzheimer's
Asthma/COPD
Cataracts
Immune support
162
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of vit C as a cholesterol lowerer?

A

CV disease

163
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of vit C in iron absorption?

A

Anaemia

164
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of vit C in endocrine functions?

A

Adrenal fatigue

Hypothyroidism

165
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of vit C in collagen synthesis?

A 
OA
Cartilage injuries
Ligament injuries
Gum disease
Fracture repair
Blood vessels
166
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of vit C in neurotransmitter synthesis?

A

Weak digestion

167
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of vit C in energy production?

A

Fatigue

Chronic fatigue

168
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of vit C deficiency?

A

Bleeding gums

Pinpoint haemorrhages under skin

169
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of scurvy?

A 
Haemorrhaging from inadequate collagen synthesis
Muscle degeneration
Rough, brown scaly skin
Wounds don't heal
Fractures develop
170
Q

What happens to the adrenal glands during stress?

A

They release vit C with other hormones into the blood

171
Q

Does stress raise vit C needs?

A

Yes

likely due to additional free radical damage

172
Q

What are the subclinical symptoms of vit C deficiency?

A 
Susceptibility to infections
Poor wound healing
Fatigue
Skin and gum degeneration
Petechiae
173
Q

What can unabsorbed vit C from high doses cause?

A 
Bowel intolerance
(Gastric discomfort and diarrhoea)
174
Q

Should high doses of vit C be given in 3rd trimester of pregnancy?

A

No

Baby will become accustomed to high doses that are unsustainable when born

175
Q

Is vit C toxic?

A

No, even at high doses

176
Q

In which situations should we be mindful of recommending high doses of vit C?

A

Haemochromatosis (iron overload) as high dose
vit C will increase absorption of Fe
Kidney disease and those with gout tendency
are prone to forming kidney stones

177
Q

What drug interactions should be considered with vit C?

A

May reduce effectiveness of warfarin, statins, some cancer drugs
Increases oestrogen therapy effects
Skews diabetes test results

Nutrition 1 (Semester I) (15 decks)

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