Final Exam Flashcards by Kara Mulligan | Brainscape

Q

Quiz 1

About 45% of all criminal cases are plea bargained

A

True

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Q

Quiz 1

Facts and Circumstances that would lead a reasonable person to believe a crime has been or is about to be committed describes what?

A

Probable Cause

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Q

Quiz 1

The constitutional standard to search or arrest is: (two words)

A

Probable Cause

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Q

Quiz 1

The 4th Amendment says “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and ? (one word, plural)

A

Effects

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Q

Quiz 1

According to the video, how does Judge Cicconetti’s repeat offense rate compare to the national average?

A

10% to 75%

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Q

Quiz 1

The burden of proof in a civil trial is?

A

Preponderance of evidence

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Q

Quiz 1

In the What is Justice Video, the eye for an eye concept referred to:

A

Retributive Justice

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Q

Quiz 1

Match the amendment in the Bill of Rights to it’s description

Right to freedoms of religion and speech; right to assemble and to petition the government for redress of grievances

A

1st

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Q

Quiz 1

Match the amendment in the Bill of Rights to it’s description

Right to and bear arms to maintain a well-regulated militia

A

2nd

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Q

Quiz 1

Match the amendment in the Bill of Rights to it’s description

Right not to house soldiers during time of war

A

3rd

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Q

Quiz 1

Match the amendment in the Bill of Rights to it’s description

Right to be secure from unreasonable search and seizure

A

4th

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Q

Quiz 1

Match the amendment in the Bill of Rights to it’s description

Rights in criminal cases, including due process and indictment by grand jury for capital crimes, as well as the right not to testify

A

5th

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Q

Quiz 1

Match the amendment in the Bill of Rights to it’s description

Right to a speedy trial by an impartial jury

A

6th

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Q

Quiz 1

Match the amendment in the Bill of Rights to it’s description

Right to a jury trial in civil cases

A

7th

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Q

Quiz 1

Match the amendment in the Bill of Rights to it’s description

Right not to face excessive bail or fines, or cruel and unusual punishment

A

8th

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Q

Quiz 1

Match the amendment in the Bill of Rights to it’s description

Rights retained by the people, even if they are not specifically enumerated by the Constitution

A

9th

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Q

Quiz 1

Match the amendment in the Bill of Rights to it’s description

States’ rights to powers not specifically delegated to the federal government

A

10th

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Q

Quiz 1

More laws = More ? (one word, plural, spelling counts)

A

Violators

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Q

Quiz 1

Matching the category of civil damages to its’ function

actual damages

A

Designed to make one whole again

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Q

Quiz 1

Matching the category of civil damages to its’ function

compensatory damages

A

Designed to compensate for the future

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Q

Quiz 1

Matching the category of civil damages to its’ function

punitive damages

A

Designed to punish or send a message

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Q

Quiz 1

The latin term for “guilty mind” is?

A

Mens rea

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Q

Quiz 1

What crime is usually associated with a consent defense?

A

Sexual assault

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Q

Quiz 1

A false spoken statement is referred to as libel

A

False

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Q

Quiz 1

ESP + T stands for economics, sociology, politics & technology

A

True

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Q

Quiz 1

The United States has three levels of criminal justice: local, state & federal

A

False

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Q

Quiz 1

In a criminal case, the person making the complaint is referred to as the? (one word and spelling counts)

A

Complainant

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Q

Quiz 1

The primary purpose of tort law is to _________ the plaintiff? (one word, spelling counts)

A

Compensate

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Q

Quiz 1

Laws are not designed to promote moral beliefs

A

False

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Q

Quiz 1

According to UCR chart in the chapter, which violent crime is committed the most nationwide?

A

aggravated assault

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Q

Quiz 1

Which of the following is one of the crime typologies discussed in class?

A

All of the choices mentioned

Cyber crime
Terrorism
Firearms crime
White collar crime

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Q

Quiz 1

The two main sources of criminal justice data are?

A

UCR & NCVS

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Q

Quiz 1

The three ways the UCR most commonly expresses data are:

A

Raw figures, percentage changes, crimes per 100,000

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Q

Quiz 1

According to statistics in chapter 2, which of the following motivates most hate crimes?

A

race

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Q

Quiz 1

Elderly people are more likely to become victims of crime than younger people because they are more vulnerable

A

False

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Q

Quiz 1

According to the video on school shootings in Chapter 2, most shooters are affected by?

A

mental illness

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Q

Quiz 1

The most reliable way to measure crime is by using raw figures

A

False

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Q

Quiz 1

Since the early 1990’s, the crime rate in America has?

A

Steadily dropped

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Q

Quiz 2

Performing a lawful act in an improper manner is referred to as:

A

Misfeasance

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Q

Quiz 2

According to the video about Tennessee vs Garner in Chapter 6, the original incident that sparked the event was a reported?

A

Burglary

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Q

Quiz 2

Three due process areas most relevant to policing are:

A

Search & Seizure, Arrest, Interrogation

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Q

Quiz 2

Jerome Skolnick concluded there were three main police personality aspects: danger, isolation & authority

A

True

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Q

Quiz 2

Match the three styles of policing according to James Q. Wilson with their description.

Watchman Style

A

Most interested in order maintenance / keeping the peace / informal

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Q

Quiz 2

Match the three styles of policing according to James Q. Wilson with their description.

Legalistic Style

A

Most interested in “going by the book” / enforce all laws / formal

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Q

Quiz 2

Match the three styles of policing according to James Q. Wilson with their description.

Service Style

A

Most interested in solving problems / works with the public / informal

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Q

Quiz 2

Based on the video in Chapter 6, what police characteristic is one of the main influences on the Blue Wall?

A

Loyalty

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Q

Quiz 2

A public official performing a wrongful or criminal act is referred to as:

A

Malfeasance

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Q

Quiz 2

The Rotten Barrel theory asserts that corrupt police officers are the product of the working environment within their agency which would require an examination of the entire police department.

A

True

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Q

Quiz 2

Match the ways to fight police corruption with their source

Ways to keep out the bad apples

A

More comprehensive background checks

Regularly scheduled in-service training

Allocating resources to enhance professionalism

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Q

Quiz 2

Match the ways to fight police corruption with their source

Ways to clean the rotten barrel

A

Create civilian review boards to hear complaints about police officers

Implement fair procedures and processes for promotions based on qualifications

Work towards national accreditation

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Q

Quiz 2

According to the video in Chapter 6, what are the two categories of police corruption? (choose 2)

A

Economic corruption

Abuse of authority

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Q

Quiz 2

Based on the video in Chapter 4, what was one nickname was given to the first police officers in London? (spelling counts, singular or plural)

A

bobbies 
bobby 
Peelers 
New Police 
Peeler

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Q

Quiz 2

The Metropolitan Police Act written by Sir Robert Peel called for an organized police force guided by?

A

military principles

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Q

Quiz 2

What modern day drug would compare to gin as contributing to a rising crime rate as it did back in London in the 1700s?

A

crack cocaine

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Q

Quiz 2

75% of all police departments have 75 or more sworn officers.

A

False

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Q

Quiz 2

Main problems with early policing included: (choose all answers you think are correct)

A

All of the choices

Disrespect
Low pay
Ineffectiveness
None of the choices

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Q

Quiz 2

The personnel in the watch and ward system that Henry Fielding organized in 1748 were referred to as the:

A

Bow Street Runners

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Q

Quiz 2

Under the mutual pledge system, every man was responsible for the conduct of every other man

A

True

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Q

Quiz 2

Based on the video about history of British police, the reason many of the first, original police were dismissed was because of:

A

Being drunk on duty

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Q

Quiz 2

During the period of the mutual pledge system, towns and villages were organized into family groups consisting of ten families which were referred to as:

A

Tithings

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Q

Quiz 2

The term “shire reeve” from the middle ages in England has morphed into what term that we use today?

A

Sheriff

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Q

Quiz 2

The Exclusionary rule prevents (excludes) evidence that is unlawfully obtained from be admitted and used in a court of law.

A

True

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Q

Quiz 2

The two elements required for Miranda warnings are: 1. Custodial & 2. Interrogation

A

True

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Q

Quiz 2

One purpose behind the exclusionary rule is that integrity of the judicial system requires that the courts not be made party to lawless invasions of the constitutional rights of citizens.

A

True

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Q

Quiz 2

A patting down of the outer clothing of a suspect based upon reasonable suspicion, designed to protect a police officer and/or citizens from an attack with a weapon or a dangerous instrument while questioning that suspect is known as a:

A

Frisk

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Q

Quiz 2

The legal standard for a frisk is:

A

Reasonable suspicion

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Q

Quiz 2

A legal term that refers to a police officer’s suspicion that a person has recently committed a crime, is in the process of committing a crime, or is soon going to commit a crime is?

A

Reasonable suspicion

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Q

Quiz 2

The following describes the elements of what legal doctrine about seizures? (two words and spelling counts)

The officer must be legally on the premises or at the place from which the item is plainly viewed.
The incriminating nature of the item seized must be immediately apparent.
The officer must have a lawful right of access to the object itself.

A

Plain View

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Q

Quiz 2

“Facts and circumstances that would lead a reasonable person to believe that a crime has been or is about to be committed” is our definition of?

(two words and spelling counts)

A

Probable cause

Q

Quiz 2

Match the name of the landmark case to its subject matter

Miranda vs Arizona

A

5th amendment & right to remain silent

Q

Quiz 2

Match the name of the landmark case to its subject matter

Mapp vs Ohio

A

4th amendment & exclusionary rule (states)

Q

Quiz 2

Match the name of the landmark case to its subject matter

Weeks vs United States

A

4th amendment & exclusionary rule (feds)

Q

Quiz 2

Match the name of the landmark case to its subject matter

Terry vs Ohio

A

4th amendment & stop / frisk

Q

Quiz 2

Match the name of the landmark case to its subject matter

Gideon vs Wainwright

A

6th amendment & right to an attorney

Q

Quiz 2

Based on the video in chapter 5, which of the following is an exception for requiring Miranda warnings?

A

Public safety concern

Q

Quiz 3

According to the text, 25-45% of criminal cases are handled with a plea bargain

A

False

Q

Quiz 3

The term used for when the U.S. Supreme Court hears a case is: (two words)

A

Judicial review

Q

Quiz 3

There are two types of pleas discussed in class: guilty & not guilty

A

False

Q

Quiz 3

The process of a negotiation involving the defendant, prosecutor and defense counsel who are in an agreement where the defendant pleas guilty, usually to a reduced charge, in exchange for a reduced punishment is referred to as? (two words and spelling counts)

A

plea bargain

Q

Quiz 3

According to the video in Chapter 7, trial level federal courts are known referred to as?

A

United States District Courts

Q

Quiz 3

R.O.R. stands for what? (three words and spelling counts)

A

release on recognizance

Q

Quiz 3

According to the video in Chapter 7, what is the main reason for the initial shift for the courts to use plea bargains?

A

Courts were unable to process all of the cases

Q

Quiz 3

Based on the video about the difference between state and federal courts, how many more cases do state courts handle than federal courts?

A

30%

Q

Quiz 3

There are two levels of federal court jurisdiction: The U.S. Court of Appeals & the U.S. Supreme Court

A

False

Q

Quiz 3

According to the above video, which of the following is a requirement to be on the Supreme Court of the United States?

A

Be nominated by the President of the United States

Q

Quiz 3

Which of the following would prevent someone from being found factually guilty?

A

An alibi

Q

Quiz 3

Evidence that is able to prove a fact without requiring the judge or jury to draw inferences is called: (two words)

A

Direct evidence

Q

Quiz 3

What is the process that is designed to limit jurors exposure to the media to avoid influencing their objectivity. It is also used to protect jurors from exposure to bribes, threats or undue persuasion. Juries that are in this process are usually housed in a hotel for the length of the trial and their access to news media is closely monitored.

(one word, singular, spelling counts)

A

Sequestration

Q

Quiz 3

The system of justice in the United States is built around a model of advocacy for both sides being represented (prosecution vs defense). What is another term for this model? (two words, singular, spelling counts)

A

Adversarial system

Q

Quiz 3

The term used to describe the worth of evidence that proves or disproves something is referred to as: (two words)

A

Probative value

Q

Quiz 3

R.O.R. stands for (three words)

A

Release on recognizance

Q

Quiz 3

According to the video in Chapter 9 on closing arguments, one of the most important things to demonstrate to the jury during closing arguments is?

A

credibility

Q

Quiz 3

Which defendant had their case determined by circumstantial evidence?

A

Scott Peterson

Q

Quiz 3

Evidence that is indirect and requires a judge or a jury to make inferences and draw conclusions is referred to as: (two words)

A

circumstantial evidence

Q

Quiz 3

According to the video in Chapter 9 about the courtroom setup, witnesses are usually allowed to watch the courtroom proceedings.

A

False

Q

Quiz 3

Prosecuting attorneys are also known as:

A

All of the other choices

District attorneys
State’s attorneys
Commonwealth attorneys
County attorneys

Q

Quiz 3

Which of the following is NOT one of the things the bailiff does?

A

prepared the jury pool

Q

Quiz 3

According to the video in Chapter 8, the criminal incident that evolved into the Central Park Five case was about?

A

Sexual assault

Q

Quiz 3

According to the video about jury service, the average trial lasts:

A

1-2 days

Q

Quiz 3

Which of the following is NOT one of the main participants in the courtroom workgroup?

A

Victim

Q

Quiz 3

According to the video in Chapter 8 on indigent defense, what percentage of people using a public defender plead guilty?

A

95%

Q

Quiz 3

Match the court position to their task

Judge

A

Rules on issues of law

Q

Quiz 3

Match the court position to their task

Bailiff

A

Secure the witnesses

Q

Quiz 3

Match the court position to their task

Clerk

A

Subpoenas witnesses

Q

Quiz 3

Match the court position to their task

Defense attorney

A

Challenges the strength of the prosecutions case

Q

Quiz 3

Match the court position to their task

Defendant

A

Chooses what information to disclose

Q

Quiz 3

According to the video about jury service, the average trial lasts:

A

1-2 days

Q

Quiz 3

According to the video about Clarence Earl Gideon, what amendment, besides the 6th, was expanded as a result of his case?

A

14th

Q

Quiz 3

According to the video about the power of the prosecutor in Chapter 8, at what point in history did plea bargaining appear in courtrooms?

A

After the Civil War

Q

Quiz 4

The type of deterrence that is focused towards preventing crimes in the future by criminal offenders is referred to as? (one word, singular, spelling counts?

A

specific

Q

Quiz 4

A sentencing strategy where multiple sentences are served at the same time or all at once is referred to as consecutive sentencing

A

False

Q

Quiz 4

There are two types of deterrence: general and specific

A

True

Q

Quiz 4

PSI stands for pre-sentence investigation

A

True

Q

Quiz 4

There are three concerns with truth-in-sentencing laws and the federal government’s push to have them implemented:

The cost
The extension of these sentencing provisions to non-violent crimes
Federal involvement in the states’ rights to set sentences.

A

True

Q

Quiz 4

According to the video in Chapter 10 on Restorative Justice, restorative justice is, first and foremost, about?

A

Needs of those hurt

Q

Quiz 4

According to the Rehabilitation versus Punishment video in Chapter 10, what is one of the biggest concerns / problems regarding people being released from prison? (one word and spelling counts)

A

recidivism

Q

Quiz 4

According to the video in Chapter 10 about Restorative Justice, what percentage of people convicted of violent crimes will be arrested again?

A

75%

Q

Quiz 4

Current laws that prohibit anyone from willfully following and/or harassing another and making a threat against that person with the intent of causing the victim to fear for his/her safety refer to? (one word and spelling counts)

A

stalking

Q

Quiz 4

Name the term that means crimes that are similar should be punished at the same level of severity and should exclude any personal or social characteristics of the offender. (one word, spelling counts)

A

equity

Q

Quiz 4

Based on the video about women in jail, what percentage of them are mothers?

A

80%

Q

Quiz 4

The name of the program mentioned in the video that was designed for helping elderly inmates is the ?

A

Gold Coats Program

Q

Quiz 4

There are three types of prison management models outlined in Chapter 11: 1. Participation Model 2. Control Model 3. Industry Model

A

False

Q

Quiz 4

Referencing the video about the Supermax facility in Colorado, match the name of the inmate at the SuperMax to their criminal association

A

Larry Hoover
Gangster Disciples

Tyler Bingham
Aryan Brotherhood

Faisal Shahzad
2010 Times Square Car Bombing

Zacarias Moussaoui
9/11 Attacks

Ramsi Yousef
1993 World Trade Center Bombing

Ted Kaczynski
Unibomber

Q

Quiz 4

Eastern State Penitentiary is located in what city?

A

Philadelphia

Q

Quiz 4

Based on the video about women in jail, since the 1970s the number of women in jail has multiplied?

A

14 times

Q

Quiz 4

According to the opinion in the Supermax video in Chapter 11, what will reduce the illegal drug problem in the United States?

A

Addressing drug use in America

Q

Quiz 4

According to the video in Chapter 11, who was one of the more infamous criminals to have a stay at Eastern State Penitentiary?

A

Al Capone

Q

Quiz 4

Out of the four categories of prison operations listed in Chapter 11, which one requires the most resources?

A

Custody

Q

Quiz 4

Prisons are found at both the state and federal level for violations of their respective criminal statutes.

A

True

Q

Quiz 4

According to the video on women in prison, women get more visitors than men.

A

False

Q

Quiz 4

According to the text, a group of inmates who have created a family-type structure, with the goal of providing support, both emotionally and economically, as well as protection, to each other is referred to as? (two words, singular, spelling counts)

A

Pseudo-family

Q

Quiz 4

There are two main social structures in prison: 1/ Official/Formal & 2. Unofficial/Informal

A

True

Q

Quiz 4

The following elements describe what according to the text? (two words, singular, spelling counts)

Don’t interfere with the interests of other inmates
Never “rat” on other inmates.
Mind your own business.
Don’t complain or whine
Don’t exploit other inmates.
Don’t trust prison guards or staff.

A

Inmate code

Q

Quiz 4

The beliefs, customs, values, lifestyles and attitudes of inmates within a particular prison is referred to as? (two words, singular, spelling counts)

A

Inmate subculture

Q

Quiz 4

The process where new inmates learn and absorb the customs and beliefs of the prison subculture and learn how to adapt to life in prison is referred to as? (one word and spelling counts)

A

Prisonization

Q

Quiz 4

The common slang term for new inmates in prison is? (one word and spelling counts)

A

Fish

Q

Quiz 4

Match the prison slang term with it’s meaning according to the text

A

All Day
Life Sentence

Back door parole
to die in prison

banger
knife

hacks
corrections officers

kite
contraband note

ticket
disciplinary report

hole
solitary confinement

Q

Quiz 4

Which of the following is NOT part of the inmate code?

A

Do things to improve yourself

Q

Quiz 4

According to the video in Chapter 12 on Myths About Women in Prison, most women who are incarcerated went through a full trial process

A

False

Q

Quiz 5

What type of case involve juveniles who have committed actions that would be considered criminal if they were adults?

A

Delinquency case

Q

Quiz 5

Based on New Jersey v TLO, the threshold for searches on school property is?

A

Reasonable suspicion

Q

Quiz 5

New Jersey vs T.L.O. was a juvenile case about what?

A

school locker searches

Q

Quiz 5

The Latin phrase meaning the government or the state is the protector of people who cannot protect themselves is: (two words, spelling counts)

A

parens patriae

Q

Quiz 5

In New Jersey v TLO, the argument at the heart of the case was freedom versus order.

A

True

Q

Quiz 5

The main purpose of farms at industrial schools for juveniles was to:

A

Feed juveniles at the school

Q

Quiz 5

Police have no options and no discretion when dealing with juveniles.

A

False

Q

Quiz 5

According to the text, today, juveniles and adults who are incarcerated can still be kept together in the same facilities.

A

False

Q

Quiz 5

The “Stubborn Child Law” from the 1600s originated in:

A

Massachusetts

Q

Quiz 5

According to the video about the Kids for Cash scheme, one of the juveniles mentioned, Charlie Balasavage, was originally charged with?

A

Receiving stolen property

Q

Quiz 5

According to the video in Chapter 15 of the drone with the gun attached, this occurred in:

A

Clinton, CT

Q

Quiz 5

According to the video in Chapter 15, The First Step Act was geared towards what type of convicted offenders?

A

Non violent drug offenders

Q

Quiz 5

According to the video in Chapter 15, what percentage of wrongful convictions in Louisiana were due to bad lawyering?

A

77%

Q

Quiz 5

According to the video on sentencing reform, what is the ratio of percentage of world population to percentage of incarcerated people?

A

5-25

Q

Quiz 5

According to the video in Chapter 15 on human trafficking, there are three problems connected to human trafficking:

Lack of police investigation
Lack of prosecutions
Communities that do not prioritize human trafficking

A

True

Q

Quiz 5

According to the video on wrongful convictions, which state has the highest incarceration rate?

A

Lousiana

Q

Quiz 5

According to the video on sentencing reform, one of the biggest drivers of the crime rate is?

A

The economy

Q

Quiz 5

Illegally transporting people, against their will, usually from one country to another, for the purpose of sexual exploitation or forcing them into labor is referred to as:

A

Human Trafficking

Q

Quiz 5

According to the video on the militarization of the police, MRAP stands for:

A

Mine Resistant Ambush Protected

Q

Quiz 5

According to the video on sentencing reform, the violent crime rate tripled between?

A

1961-1985

Q

Quiz 5

A criminal sentence of court supervision in the community of a convicted offender that is over-seen by a probation office is known as: (one word, spelling counts)

A

Probation

Q

Quiz 5

According to the text, which amendments in the Bill of Rights could be of concern with the use of day fines in the United States?

A

8th & 14th

Q

Quiz 5

According to the video on FDC community corrections, the primary role of probation officers is to:

A

Ensure compliance of probationers

Q

Quiz 5

Match the probation condition with it’s goal

Designed to control behavior

A

Staying within one’s jurisdiction/ surrendering a passport

Not permitted to possess weapons

Not permitted to associate with known felons

Q

Quiz 5

Match the probation condition with it’s goal

Designed to change behavior

A

Paying back the victim (restitution)

Completing community service

Employment / education requirements

Q

Quiz 5

Which amendments in the Bill of Rights could be of concern with the use of day fines in the United States?

A

8th & 14th

Q

Quiz 5

Which of the following is NOT one of the conditions designed to control behavior?

A

Paying fines & fees

Q

Quiz 5

According to the video on probation in Chapter 14, it is usually assigned in cases involving?

A

misdemeanors and non violent first time offenders

Q

Quiz 5

A term of supervised, conditional release from incarceration under correctional supervision is referred to as: (one word, spelling counts)

A

parole

Q

Quiz 5

According to the text, probation, financial penalties, home confinement with electronic monitoring, and intensive supervision are all examples of?

A

alternatives to incarceration

Q

Quiz 5

When an offender is released from incarceration prior to the expiration of their original term under the condition of maintaining lawful behavior for a specified period of time under the supervision of a parole officer, this is referred to as? (one word, spelling counts)

A

parole