pathology Flashcards
What is it?
Acanthamoeba
Parasite that lives in the water
Cause?
Referal?
Yes
What is it?
Aniridia
Iris is missing/ absent.
- Px has sever photophobia
- Blurry vision
- Large pupil/ no iris
Cause?
Congenital / Trauma
Referal?
depends
CL?
Opaque scleral lens
What is it?
Aqueous Flare
Presence of white or red blood cells in
aqueous humor.
Cause?
Uveitis
Iritis
Referral?
Should already be in medical care
CL?
No
Arcuate Abrasion
Arc shaped staining on cornea aka SMILE
Cause?
Improper fit of RCP and soft lens
Referral /CL?
Scarring deep enough refer
Superficial staining- remove lens
What is it?
Arcus Senilis
White/Grey/ yellow ring around the corneal margin
(limbus)
Mostly seen in the elderly.
Will not go away.
Cause?
Aging
Fatty deposits
High Cholesterol
Referral?
No
CL?
Yes
What is it?
Bullous keratopathy / Corneal Bullae
Edema with a blister like formation effecting
epithelial layer.
Cause?
Surgery
Aging
Referal?
Yes
CL?
Therapeutic Lens
What is it?
Conjunctivitis Follicles
Papules raised
found the loxer conjuctival fornix
Cause?
virus of the conjunctiva
Referal?
yes
CL?
yes
What is it?
Chemosis
• Swelling of conjunctival
tissue
• Allergic reaction (to
atmosphere/ chemical /
medicine)
Causes?
- Rubbing of eyes
- Viral Infection
- Red Eye
- Foreign body sensation
- Tearing
Referral / CL?
Yes, no contacts
Corneal deturgescence
The state of relative dehydration of the stroma maintained by the normal
intact cornea thus allowing corneal transparency.
Endothelium pumps out excess water to prevent edema.
What is it?
Corneal Guttata
Endothelium degeneration- increased corneal
thickening and endothelial cell size.
Cause?
Age
Hypoxia
No CL until clear
Referral
What is it?
Corneal infiltrates
Collection of white blood cells found in stroma.
Cause?
Hypoxia
Overwear Cl
Infection / inflammation/ Trauma
Referal?
Yes
CL?
No
What is it?
Corneal Microcysts
Seen in basement membrane of cornea as tiny
white spots.
(Cyst filled with fluid.)
Cause?
Hypoxia
overwear of CL
sleep in lens
poor hygiene
What is it?
Corneal ulcer
Erosion or open sore on cornea
Cause?
B V P F
CL solution contamination /CL abuse
Bad hygiene
Referal?
yes
What is it?
corneal vascularization
Blood vessels in the cornea / limbal reddness
contact lens intolerance
Cause?
Anoxia
Hypoxia
overwear of cl
sleep in contact lens
Referral
Depending
CL?
remove or reduce
What is it?
Dacryocystitis
Inflamed bump on the inner corner of lower lid
pain redness, swelling
Cause?
swelling / infection/ discharge
infection of lacrimal sac
injury
Referral
Yes
CL?
No
What is it?
Dellen
Localized thinning of the cornea due to
desiccation
PX presents with pain, watery eyes,
vascularization, cl intolerance
Cause?
Corneal dryness
GP lens always rubbing in the edge of limbus
injury / disease
Referral?
Yes
CL?
needs heal
What is it?
Dendritic Ulcer - very painful
Cause?
Herpes simplex virus
Epithelim breakdown
Referal?
Yes - emergency
CL?
No
What is it?
Dermoid cyst
Cyst (composed of stratified squamous cells, tissue,
bone, vascular structures, tissue etc)
Usually found at the inferior temporal quadrant of
the corneal limbus
Congenital defect
Referral?
Yes
CL?
Yes
Ectasia
Thinning/ stretching of corneal tissue
What is it?
Corneal Edema
Cloudy cornea / swollen cornea (water retention)
Cause?
Poor hygiene
Disease or trauma
Tight RGP
not enough oxygen getting to cornea
Referral?
Yes
CL?
remove from CL
Cahnge to hight dk and refit
What is it?
Endothelial Blebs
Dark spots on the corneal endothelial
Cause?
contact lens use
hypoxia
CL?
no conatcts
reduce wear time
What is it?
Endothlium bedewing
Depositis on the surface of the corneal endothelium
What is it?
Epiphora
Cause?
Excessive tear production
allergies
Referal?
Depends on the cause
What is it?
Exopthalmos
• Eyeballs bulging/
protruding
Cause?
Hyperthyroidism
Referral/ CL?
Sould already be in care
lens can be drying to the eye
bandage lens
What is it?
Fleischer’s ring
Not to be confused with
Arcus Senilis.
• Small pigmented brown
or yellowish rings found
at the base of the cone
in cases of keratoconus.
• Iron deposits
Whats is it?
Fuch’s Dystrophy
- Degeneration of the corneal endothelium
characterized by the presence of corneal
(endothelial) guttata - Breakdown of the corneal endothelium
can’t pump out fluid - Ruins corneal deturgescene
Cause?
Aqueous homur entering cornea
Trauma/disease
Surgery
Edema
Referral?
Yes
CL?
no
Giant papillary conjunctivitis
poor hygiene
Allergy
overwear/sleep
Ghost Vessels
What is it?
Empty blood vessels but they
will refill if aggravated.
Ghost vessels never go away.
Can wear contact lenses.
Cause?
Referral?
CL?
What is it?
Hordeolum
Raised bump on eyelid sebaceous gland (hair follicle)
Usually near lash line
Cause?
Infection
plugged Meibomain glands
Referral?
Yes
CL?
No
What is it?
Hydrops Cornea
Swelling of the cornea due to break in
Descemet’s membrane. Aqueous fluid will
accumulate in anterior chamber
Cause?
Keratoconus
Exterme hypoxia
Referral?
Yes
What is it?
Hyphema
Blood in anterior chamber
Glaucoma can be a second complication
Cause?
Abnormal vessel growth
Ocular trauma
Surgical procedure
Referal?
yes
CL?
no
What is it?
Hypopyon
• Yellow mucus (puss) due to
Cause?
-uveitis
- Severe pain/ red eyes
- Blurry vision
- Photophobia
- Inability to accommodate (temporary)
Referral?
Yes
CL?
No Cl until clear. Discard old lens
What is it?
Colobomo - Iris is partially missing
What is it?
Iridectomy
Partial surgical removal of the iris
due to treatment of closed angle
glaucoma and Iris Melanoma
Cause?
Congenital/ Trauma
CL?
Opaque len help reduce light entering
can fix with an opaque scleral lens
What is it?
Keratitis
Inflammation in the corneal
Cause?
CL overwear
poor hygiene
Trauma
Bacteria
fungal
Many reason
Referral/ CL?
Yes, if bacterial or acute. Remove from Lens
What is it?
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
- Inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.
- Dry Eyes
Cause?
Poor tear production
Referral?
Yes
CL?
Soft lens - switch to RGP or part-time wear for soft
What is it?
keratoplasty
Corneal graft
Cause?
Keratoconus
corneal scarring
Congenital disease
Referral?
already in care
CL?
speciality lens
Limbal Hyperemia
Redness arounbd the limbus this is only a sign of a problem.
Short - term clinical sign of corneal hypoxia- related to oyxgen performance of lens
inflammation
possible pain
engorged limbal blood vessels
What is it?
Nebula
Opaque opacity found after corneal
inflammation or trauma
Cause?
Inflammation
Trauma
Safe it fit with lens if not irritated
What is it?
Nevus
Freckle/ benign pigment deposit
Cause?
Congenital
Antomical defect
Referral
No
CL?
if it doesn’t rub on it
What is it?
Pannus vascularization
Around limbus
Neovascularization caused by anoxia or hypoxia
Cause?
overwear of soft lens
Non-compliance
Referral?
Yes
CL?
no
What is it?
Pinguecula
Fat cysts on sclera yellow/pink growth common
Cause?
Uv / Dust / Wind / Uv exposure
Referal?
No
CL?
Yes, if not irritated
Polymegathism
What is it?
Morphological change in corneal endothelium from contact lens wear.
Polymegatism (different sizes)
Cause?
Age
Hypoxia/ overwear of CL/ Medial condtion
Referal?
No
CL?
Reduced contact lens wear due to discomfort
Change Cl to higher DK
What is it?
Ptergyium
A growth that starts nasally and can grow on the cornea
Cause?
Uv / Wind / dust
Referral?
No
CL?
If not irritated
What is it?
Sattler’s veil
Client see’s halos around lights. Glare.
Epithelial hypoxia
Cause?
Overwear of CL
Improper fit (steep)
Keratoconus
Referral?
Yes
CL?
when clear - then refit
What is it?
corneal punctate staining (superfical punctate keratitis
Cause?
Viral conjunctivitis
chemical burn / uv exposure
Cl overwear
Referal?
Yes
CL?
No
What is it?
Sterile Corneal Ulcer
Corneal ulcer with tissue loss usually in stroma- non infected
Epithelium is intact
Cause?
Contaminated solutions
Vitamin A deficiency
Referal?
Yes
CL?
No
What is it?
Trachoma
Inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva (contagious)
Blindness can occur
Cause?
Bacterial Infection
viral Infection
clamydia
Allergic reaction
Referral?
Yes
CL?
Stop until clear. do refit
What is it?
Vertical Straieal
Vertical lines seen under slit lamp
• Folds in Descemet’s membrane
Cause?
Edema from Hypoxia
CL
no
refit to high dk material
What is it?
Uveitis
Inflammation to the uveal tract
Cause?
infection
Trauma
Disease
See Doctor
No contacts until clear / discard
What is it?
Trichiasis
Eyelashes turning inward
Cause?
Entropian
Referral / CL?
should be in care if not refer
Bandage lens
What is it?
Chalazion
raised bump on eyelid infection of sebaceous gland
Cause?
Pathological condition infection
plugged meibomian glands
Refer/ no CL
