19. Open Source Systems

Question 1

private investment model

Answer 1

monopolistic control of knowledge for innovating

• private company

Question 2

collective action model

Answer 2

knowledge for innovation as a public good that belongs to the public domain and cannot be withheld from it use (aka bazaar)

• open source innovation
  ex: Wikipedia

Question 3

characteristics of private investment model

Answer 3

focus on profit
process is organization centered
personnel are divided according to rules
decentralization is limited
information flow is restricted by communication channels
leadership based on experience + seniority

Question 4

characteristics of collective action model

Answer 4

voluntary work + meritocracy prevail
process is project centric
resources are self-selected
decentralization is extensive
information flow is free
leadership based on trust + consensus

Question 5

main characteristic of collective action model

Answer 5

public goods characterized by non rivalry in consumption

• intangible goods that can be duplicated
• use of product by some users does not reduce the consumption by others

Question 6

rationale of collective action model

Answer 6

gift economy rather than market economy

Question 7

project coordinator

Answer 7

ensure contributions are directed towards a specific target w/ respect to original objectives

must:

• have clear vision
• divide project into modules
• attract other developers

Question 8

incentive to motivate participations

Answer 8

economic

• money
• reduced cost of opportunity
• future career benefits

social

• enjoyment
• altruism
• sense of belonging

technological

• learning
• access to new knowledge
• solve personal problem

Question 9

private collective investment model

Answer 9

private investment (protected through patents/copyright)

collective provision of public goods (non-rivalry + non-excludability)

• supplied to public at no charge
  ex: zero prestige

Question 10

open source software vs hardware

Answer 10

in hardware you have to work on a physical good, not on information

• costs of physical good + materials + components
• can also share information + knowledge

hardware ex: Arduino
(private collective investment model)