Attitudes and behaviour

Question 1

What are social comparisons?

Answer 1

comparing ourselves to others and social norms.

Question 2

What is attitudes shaped by?

Answer 2

Social norms.

Question 3

What are the genetic factors to attitude?

Answer 3

Inherited gene dispositions, infants can be more sensitive to the environment than others.
Heritable attitudes or gut level preferences. E.g. whether a child likes loud noises or not.

Question 4

How can attitudes be aquired?

Answer 4

• Classical conditioning
• Social conditioning
• Social learning
• Subliminal conditioning
• Observational learning

Question 5

What is the golden triad to understanding attitudes?

Answer 5

Behaviour (conative) Affect (affective) and cognition (cognitive)

Question 6

How come attitudes do not always equal behaviour?

Answer 6

A person can hold an attitude but behave differently.

Question 7

What did LaPiere 1934 discover?

Answer 7

The majority of restaurant owners when asked said they would not like to serve Chinese customers, but when they were faced with serving them did with happily.

Question 8

Can environment affect attitude?

Answer 8

Yes, for example someone can be against drinking but drink loads on Christmas. And in the case that hiding the attitude will spare someones feelings.

Question 9

What else can influence an attitude (apart from environment)?

Answer 9

Knowledge functions and organisations
Self-expression and personal identity
Self esteem maintaining and building.

Question 10

What is balance theory?

Answer 10

People like to maintain balance between cognitive and affective component of their attitude.

Question 11

What is cognitive dissonance?

Answer 11

When there is an imbalance between the cognitive and affective components. Leading to a change in beliefs, feelings or behaviour.

Question 12

What are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?

Answer 12

Change attitudes with consistency, supportive information, trivialise the subject, distractions.

Question 13

What are the three main factors of persuasion?

Answer 13

The communicator (source)
What they said (the message)
Who was listening (audience).

Question 14

What is the peripheral route in the elaboration likelihood model?

Answer 14

Can persuade someone to change attitude if the topic is not particularly important, just a simple preference. e.g. business advertisements.

Question 15

What is the message unimportant factor of the elaboration likelihood model?

Answer 15

Heuristic processing, non verbal cues important and argument strength unimportant.

Question 16

What is the central route of the elaboration likelihood model?

Answer 16

Most effective to get the person to think about the issue, use cognitive reasoning.

Question 17

What is the message important route of the elaboration likelihood model?

Answer 17

Systematic processing, non verbal cues unimportant and argument strength important.

Question 18

What are the important non verbal cues?

Answer 18

Credibility, expertise, trustworthiness, attractiveness and speaking style.

Question 19

What are important message characteristics?

Answer 19

Soft sell is often better than over persuasion, if audience is skeptical use two sided message, avoid criticism.
Humour is particularly effective when combined with fear.

Question 20

What is type 2 processing?

Answer 20

Systematic is more likely to occur when we are motivated to find the correct answer.

Question 21

What is type 1 processing?

Answer 21

Heuristic is likely to occur when the stakes are low and not as much motivation.

Question 22

what is Asch’s paradigm?

Answer 22

We form opinions based of. a gestalt view of something, a whole image, this leads to some traits effecting others. Intelligence and warm makes a good person but intelligence and cold is a bad person.

Question 23

What is the configural model?

Answer 23

Some traits have influential effect on the traits around them.

Question 24

Why are positive traits more influential?

Answer 24

Due to the primacy effect.

Question 25

What did Darley and Gross suggest in 1983?

Answer 25

Two stages of expectancy-confirmation process. \If we are unsure of a judgement based off category we approach with caution. However if we have more information then we adapt and generate the evidence needed to fit our initial category based assessment.

Question 26

Is impression formation top down or bottom up?

Answer 26

Neither, nobody is immune to the process and it has influence on memory.

Question 27

What effects friendship strength?

Answer 27

Proximity and exposure, will be more likely to be friends with someone who you have to share a kitchen with than those you just share a floor with.

Question 28

How does being exposed to something repeatedly effect attitude?

Answer 28

The attitude will change, if it is a false fact and they are exposed enough it can become true.

Question 29

What did Cross et al study in 1967?

Answer 29

Rats listening to Mozart for 12 hours a day, if they stepped on onside of the cage Mozart will play, however the other will play Schoenburg, the rats went to Mozart side more due to familiarity and the exposure effect.

Question 30

What is the arousal effect?

Answer 30

Taking a date somewhere scar can cause more attraction due to the high hormone arousal even if it is fear not lust.

Question 31

What did Dutton and Aron study in 1974?

Answer 31

Female experimenter on a bridge of different heights, men had to write a story about it . The higher and more dangerous the bridge the more likely it was for the men to write a sexual story.