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LATG > LATG 11: Gnotobics > Flashcards

LATG 11: Gnotobics Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Gnotobiotes, by definition, are germ-free animals.

A

False

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2
Q

True or False: The first functional germ-free animal models were developed by scientists and technicians of the laboratories of bacteriology at the University of Notre Dame.

A

True

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3
Q

Animals that have a normal intestinal flora but are free of particular organisms are called:

A

specific pathogen free

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4
Q

True or False: Axenic animals are gnotobiotes.

A

True

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5
Q

True or False: The development of the Trexler flexible film isolators marked the beginning of modern gnotobiotic research.

A

True

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6
Q

Why have laminar flow cabinets recently become more frequently used than isolators for maintaining gnotobiotic animals?

A

increased accessibility of animals

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7
Q

A rack environment with a large volume of flowing, filtered, sterile air is called a:

A

laminar flow rack

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8
Q

True or False: Isolators must operate with positive pressure with respect to the room.

A

False- negative pressure

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9
Q

What function does a transfer sleeve serve?

A

To connect the supply cylinder to the isolator entry port

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10
Q

True or False: Before housing gnotobiotic animals, isolators should be tested multiple times for 3-6 weeks to ensure the absence of contamination of bedding, shelves, feed and water.

A

True

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11
Q

What is the process by which isolators confine potentially harmful microorganisms within the system?

A

containment

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12
Q

True or False: Supplies must be sterilized before being passed through the supply cylinder.

A

False- sterilized inside supply chamber

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13
Q

What is the term for the killing of all living organisms?

A

sterilization

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14
Q

True or False: The tissue enzyme level of axenics tends to be higher than those of normal animals.

A

False

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15
Q

What is a “Schaedler cocktail” or “altered Schaedler cocktail”?

A

A solution containing a variety of normal flora bacteria

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16
Q

What is a good choice to help maintain genetic integrity when producing axenic pups by hysterectomy derivation?

A

Make sure that the donor female and the foster mother have a different coat color.

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17
Q

True or False: Axenic rats have smaller hearts, livers, and lungs compared to non-axenic rats.

A

True

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18
Q

True or False: The process by which the embryos from a superovulated mother are removed, washed, and transferred to the reproductive tract of a pseudopregnant axenic female in a surgical isolator is called hysterectomy derivation.

A

False

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19
Q

Which amino acids are required in lesser quantities in axenic animals?

A

lysine and cysteine

20
Q

True or False: Gnotobiotic animals require fortified feed to replace the vitamins broken down by autoclaving.

A

True

21
Q

Why are foundation colonies generally maintained in the defined flora state instead of in the axenic state?

A

to optimize litter size

22
Q

True or False: Hysterectomy derivations are done using nonaxenic mothers and axenic foster mothers.

A

True

23
Q

True or False: Pups that have been hysterectomy derived can be assumed to be germ-free and transferred to a barrier facility.

A

True

24
Q

What represents a difference between hysterectomy derivation and embryo transfer?

A

In hysterectomy derivation, the fetuses are at term, but in the other technique, embryos used are at an earlier stage of development.

25
Q

What term refers to the thousands of microbial species that inhabit a specific host?

A

Microbiome

26
Q

What is the advantage of giving gnotobiotes a cocktail containing normal intestinal flora?

A

It serves to normalize the gut physiology and anatomy.

27
Q

Why are foundation colonies generally maintained in the defined flora state instead of in the axenic state?

A

to optimize litter size

28
Q

For which purpose does the transfer sleeve of an isolator have nipples?

A

sterilant injection

29
Q

What is the term for the stainless steel container in which materials and supplies are sterilized before placing in the isolator?

A

supply cylinder

29
Q

What is the term for the stainless steel container in which materials and supplies are sterilized before placing in the isolator?

A

supply cylinder

30
Q

Animals that are free from all demonstrable microorganisms are called:

A

anexic

31
Q

The intestinal wall of axenic animals is _____________ than the intestinal wall of animals having a normal microflora.

A

thinner

32
Q

The most basic requirement for an isolator is that it must be:

A

impervious

33
Q

What does the term gnotobiotics mean?

A

well-known; refers to animals who’s microflora is defined

34
Q

True or False: A germ-free animal is a type of gnotobiote.

A

True

35
Q

True or False: Axenic rats are not available commercially; they must be developed within the individual animal facility.

A

False

36
Q

What are sterilization methods used to support gnotobiotic systems?

A

steam autoclaving, dry heat, peracetic acid, ethylene oxide, gamma irradiation, membrane filtration, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide gas plasma

37
Q

What is an axenic animal?

A

an animal that is free of all demonstrable organisms

38
Q

What is the difference in an axenic animal’s cecum from other animals?

A

it is greatly enlarged

39
Q

Are all gnotobiotes axenic? Why or why not?

A

No- also includes defined flora animals

40
Q

What is the process of embryo transfer for deriving an axenic animal?

A

embryos from superovulated dam are removed, washed, and transferred to reproductive tract of axenic female in an aseptic isolator

41
Q

Why should you use a foster mother whose coat color is different from the donor mother in a hysterectomy derivation to produce axenic animals?

A

to make sure foster pups are identifiable from the natural litter

42
Q

What is a Schaedler cocktail and why is it given to axenic animals?

A

a cocktail of normal, nonpathogenic intestinal bacteria given to normalize gut

43
Q

What is a transfer sleeve?

A

a flexible, plastic tube that is the same diameter as entry port and supply cylinder that serves as an entrance/exit

44
Q

How do litter sizes compare between axenic animals and defined flora animals?

A

axenic animals have smaller litters

45
Q

Axenic animals require more vitamins ____ and _____, and have lower requirements for vitamins ___ and ____.

A

K and B; A and E

LATG (24 decks)

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