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ESA3 wrong answers > HNN > Flashcards

HNN Flashcards

1
Q

boundaries carotid triangle

A

digastric, omohyoid, scm s

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2
Q

boundaries post and anterior triangle

A

post- SCM, trapezius, clavicle
anterior- mandible, midline, SCM

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3
Q

tonsils in waldeyers ring

A

palatine, pharyngeal, lingual, tubal

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4
Q

muscles facial expression all

A

obicularis oris (oribital= tight), occipitofrontalis, obiculatis ores, buccinator, zygomaticus, risorius, platysma

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5
Q

mastication muscles (which elevate, depress, retract/protract mandible?)

A

masseter (elevate), temporalis (retract and elevate), pterygoids (elevate and protract)

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6
Q

which is more anterior, bregma or lambda?

A

bregma

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7
Q

what is A

A

foramen retundum

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8
Q

what is B

A

foramen ovale

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9
Q

what is C

A

IAM

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10
Q

what is D

A

jugular foramen

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11
Q

what is E

A

foramen lacerum

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12
Q

what is F

A

foramen spinosum

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13
Q

what is G

A

carotid canal

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14
Q

branches of internal carotid artery

A

anterior and middle cerebral, opthalmic (which gives supratroclear and supraorbital) and post. communicantes

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15
Q

branches external carotid artery

A

Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students

Superior thyroid, ascending pharyngeal, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, maxillary, superficial temporal

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16
Q

which is more lateral, subclavian or common carotid

A

subclavian

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17
Q

describe route of facial drainage

A
  1. supraorbital and supratrochlear
  2. angular vein
  3. facial vein
  4. common facial vein
  5. IVJ
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18
Q

describe route of scalp drainage

A
  1. superficial temporal
  2. occipital joins to form retromandibular
  3. posterior auricular joins to form EJV
  4. subclavian
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19
Q

compare what drains into cavernous sinus vs pterygoid venous plexus

A

cavernous sinus- superior and inferior opthalmic artery

pterygoid venous plexus- deep facial vein

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20
Q

compare bridging and emissary veins

A

Emissay veins are Exterior to bridging veins. they connect extracranial veins to DVS

bridging- intracranial viens to DVS

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21
Q

compare causes of intracranial haemorrages

A

extradural- middle meningeal artery

subdural- bridging veins

subarachnoid- circle of willis

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22
Q

role parietal, occipital, temporal and frontal lobes

A

parietal- spacial awareness, somatosensory perception

occipital- vision

temporal- smell and memory

frontal- higher cognition and voluntary motor control

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23
Q

what makes up brainstem

A

midbrain, pons and medulla

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24
Q

role of midbrain, pons and medulla

A

midbrain- movement of eye, auditory and visual processing

pons- feeding and sleep

medulla- CVS/resp

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25
Q

what is A

A

cerebellum

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26
Q

what is B

A

medulla

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27
Q

what is C

A

pons

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28
Q

what is D

A

midbrain

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29
Q

what makes up the forebrain

A

cerebrum and diencephalon

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30
Q

what makes up diencephalon

A

hypothalamus and thalamus

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31
Q

which cranial nerves pass through the cavernous sinus

A

ocolomotor, trochlear, Va, abducens

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32
Q

actions of oculomotor

A

ciliary muscles,

PS/S- sphincter pupillae, carries sympathetic fibres for superiror tarsal

extraocular muscles

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33
Q

describe intracranial route of trigeminal nerve

A

Va- CS, SOF

Vb- CS, foramen rotundum

Vc- foramen ovale

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34
Q

route of facial nerve

A

pons> IAM> stylomastoid foramen

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35
Q

role facial nerve

A

motor- muscles facial expression, digastric, stapedius, stylohyoid

SS- taste anterior 2/3 tongue (chorda tympani)

PS- submandibular, salivary, nasal, lacrimal

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36
Q

branches trigeminal

A

Va- frontal (gives supraorbital and supratrochlear) and nasocilary

Vb- infraorbital

Vc- mental, inferior alveolar, lingual, auriculotemporal

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37
Q

branches facial

A

intracranial- nerve to stapedius, chroda tympani, greater petrosal

extracranial- temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical

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38
Q

describe the common route for glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve

A

medulla> PCF> jugular foramen> carotid sheath

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39
Q

role glossopharyngeal

A

S- oropharynx, tonsils

SS/GS- posterior 1/3 tongue

PS- parotid

carotid sinus

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40
Q

role vagus

A

M- larynx/ pharynx

S- Larynx, laryngopharynx

PS- abdo viscera and heart

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41
Q

describe routes of hypoglossal and accessory

A

Medulla> PCF> carotid sheath

hypoglossal- hypoglossal canal

accessory- jugular foramen

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42
Q

what makes up forebrain and hindbran

A

forebrain- diencephalon, cerebrum, thalamus

hindbrain- medulla, cerebellum, pons

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43
Q

which cranial nerves carry PS fibres

A

oculomotor, facial, vagus, GF

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44
Q

which cranial nerves do the corneal refle

A

afferent- Va

efferent- facial

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45
Q

describe route of ICA

A

carotid sheath> petrous temporal> carotid canal

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46
Q

what is difference between cleft and pouch

A

cleft- ectoderm, outside

pouch- endoderm, inside

47
Q

derivaties of arch 1

A

trigeminal nerve, muscles mastication, mandible, malleus, incus, aortic arch 1

48
Q

derivatives of arch 2

A

facial nerve, facial expression, staphes and superior hyoid, aortic arch 2

49
Q

derivatives of arch 3

A

glossopharyngeal, inferior hyoid, stylopharyngeus, aortic arch 3

50
Q

derivatives of arch 4/6

A

vagus, larynx and pharync muscles, larynx caritlage, aortic arch 4.6

51
Q

derivatives of the pouches

A

1- eustachian tube

2- palatine tonsil

3- thymus and parathyroid 3

4- parathyroid 4

52
Q

derivatives of clefts

A

1- EAM

2-6 degenerate

53
Q

how do brachial cysts form

A

clefts 2-6 not fully obliterated

54
Q

what do the maxillary, mandibular, stomatodeum and 2nd arch form

A

1st arch- maxillary ptocess forms cheeks, maxilla, upper lip

mandibular process forms lower lip and mandible

2nd arch- external ear

stomatodeum- mouth

55
Q

how does nose form

A

nasal placodes form nasal pits. nasal promininces fuse with nasal pits.

medial nasal prominence forms jaw, primary pallete, incisors.

lateral nasal prominence fuses with maxillary processes to form philtrum of upper lip and nose

56
Q

how does pallate form and how does cleft lip/palate occur

A

palatal shelves fuse in midline with FNP, tongue drops to allow fusion. nasal septum also fuses with palatal shelf

cleft lip- no fusion of palatal shelves and FNP/maxillary process

cleft palate- palatal shelves dont fuse in midline

57
Q

how do ears form, and how does FAS occur

A

auricular hillocks ascend and surround 1st pharyngeal arch, forms external ear

alcohol toxins prevents ascent, causes low set ears

58
Q

how does tongue form

A

anterior 2/3- 1st pharyngeal arch

posterior 1/3- 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal arch

4th and 6th arch form larynx and epiglottis

59
Q

how does thyroid form and hwo do thyroglossal problems occur

A

the foramen caecum forms a diverticulum that descends thorugh the neck, takes cells down to form thyroglossal duct. this forms thyroid

if thyroglossal duct persists- thyroglossal cysts/fistula

ectopic thyroid tissue occurs if any tissue is lost along the way

60
Q

describe the sympathetic route for innervation HNN

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. 1st order neurone descends in brainstem
  3. synapses with second order neurone at T1/2, enters sympathetic chain
  4. ascends in sympathetic chain, synapses with 3rd order neurone at superior cervical ganglion.
  5. carried by ICA and opthalmic (eye) or ECA (sweat and salivary glands)
61
Q

describe PS route HNN

A
  1. arise in brain stem. only nucleus need to know is edinger westphal for oculomotor
  2. carried by cranial nerves VII, X, IX, III (Pre-G)
  3. synapse with PS ganglion (post-G)

ocolomotor- ciliary body

glossopharyngeal- otic

facial- submandibular and pterygopalatine

vagus- many

  1. carried on fibres of distal branches of Va/b/c
  2. innervates

oculomotor- sphincer pupillar and ciliary body

facial- salivary glands and lacrimal glands

vagus- heart/abdomen

glossopharyngeal- parotid gland

62
Q

which 2 muscles prevent excessive vibrations of MAS

A

tensor tympani and stapedius

63
Q

which nerves supply ear

A

outer- occipital, trigeminal, greater auricular

TM- vagus, facial. auriculotemporal

middle ear- GF

64
Q

what is cholestoma

A

retraction of Tm causes sac to form, skin cells/keratin accumulate. secondary to ET dysfunction. grows and can impact midle ear structures.

65
Q

where does fusion occur in otosclerosis

A

between staphes and oval window due to abnormal bone growth

66
Q

compare active labrynthitis and acute vestibular neuronitis

A

acute labrynthitis involves all inner ear structures and has hearing loss and tinnitus

acute vestibular neuronitis does not have hearing loss/tinnitis

67
Q

what is menieres disease

A

triad of hearing loss, vertigo and tinnitus

68
Q

what is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

A

episodes of vertigo triggered by movement of head.

69
Q

how to position ear otoscope

A

pull ear up and back

70
Q

which is rinnes and which is webbers

A

rinnes- ear

webbers- forehead

71
Q

describe results of webbers and rinners

A

rinnes

conductive- bone louder than air

SN- air louder than bone

webbers

conductive- localises to affected side

SN- localises to unaffected side

72
Q

most likely causative organism otis externa

A

psudonomas aeruginosa

73
Q

if abducting first or adducting first, which muscles are more dominant

A

abducting first- rectus muscles

adducting first- olbique muscles

74
Q

what are the two types of oculomotor nerve lesions

A
  1. vasculopathic caused by diabetes/hypertension. pupil spared
  2. compression caused by raised ICP, posterior communicating artery tumour. pupil affected
75
Q

how does eye look in trochlear palsy

A

extorted. slightly elevated and adducted as cannot intort, depress and abduct eye

76
Q

what does eye look like with abducens nerve palsy

A

unopposed pull of MR cuases eye being unable to abduct, causing diplopia that is worse on horizontal gaze

77
Q

give the boundaries of the orbit

A

roof- frontal bone and lesser wing sphenoid

floor- maxilla, palatine and zygomatic

lateral- zygomatic and greater wing spnenoid

medial- ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal and sphenoid

78
Q

role of cones and rod

A

Cones- Colour

rods- black and white and night vision

79
Q

symptoms orbital blowout fracture

A

anasthesia, periorbital swelling, diplopia, blurring

80
Q

what causes closed angle vs open angle glaucoma

A

open angle- trabecular meshwork deteriorates

closed angle- narrowing of iridocorneal angle

both increase intraocular pressure by blocking drainage of aqueous humour

81
Q

action of

SO

IO

MR

LR

IR

SR

A

superior obliqe- abduction, medial, inferior

inferior oblique- abduction, lateral rotation, superior

medial rectus- adduction

lateral rectus- abduction

inferior rectus- inferior

superior rectus- superior

82
Q

give 1-11

A
  1. ciliary muscle
  2. cornea
  3. anterior chamber
  4. iris
  5. lens
  6. suspensory ligaments
  7. choroid
  8. sclera
  9. fovea
  10. optic nerve
  11. retina
83
Q

describe the H shape vision testing

A
84
Q

boundaries of nasal cavity

A

roof- nasal, frontal, ethmoidal (cribidorm plate) and sphenoid

medial- ethmoid bone, the vomer bone, and the septal cartilage.

lateral wall- superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae.

85
Q

blood supply to nasal cavity

A

sphenopalatine (bad), anterior and posterior ethmoidal

anastamose in kiesselbachs plexus

86
Q

which is the most commonly infected sinus

A

maxillary

87
Q

name of deformity when septal haematoma isnt drained

A

saddle deformity

88
Q

boundaries and innervation different parts of pharynx

A

nasopharynx- base of skull to soft palate. Vb

oropharynx- soft palate to epiglottis. glossopharyngeal

laryngopharynx- epiglottis to laryngeal inlet. vagus

89
Q

2 faucial pillars

A

anterior- palatoglossus

posterior- palatopharyngeus

90
Q

muscles of pharynx

A

longitudinal

  • stylopharyngeus (IX)
  • palatopharyngeus (X)
  • salpingopharyngeus (X)

constrictor

-superior, midde, inferior

91
Q

what 2 muscles make up inferior constrictor muscle and what disease is linked

A

thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal muscle.

killians dehisence. when UOS is weak, abnormal swallowing or weakness of muscle.

92
Q

muscles of tongue

A

extrinsic- all XII except palatoglossus which is X

palatoglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus.

intrinsic- all XII
superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical

93
Q

ducts submandibuar, sublingual and parotid

A

submandibular and sublingual- whartons

parotid- stensons

94
Q

are the cranial nerves in soft pallete ipsilateral or contralateral

A

ipsilateral

95
Q

does uvula point away or towards side with lesion

A

away. from lesion

96
Q

larynx cartilages

A

thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, epiglottis

97
Q

larynx membranes

A

cricothyroid, thyrohyoid, cricotracheal

98
Q

what forms

  • true vocal cord
  • false vocal cord
  • aryepiglottic fold
A

true vocal cord- upper border cricothyroid

false vocal cord- lower border quadrangular

aryepiglottic fold- upper border quadrangular

99
Q

muscles of larynx

A

intrinsic- all recurrent laryngeal exept cricothyroid which is external superior laryngeal.

posterior cricoaryteoid is the only muscle that abducts vocal cords

100
Q

4 types of thyroid cancer

A

Papillary, follicular, hurthle, medullary, anaplastic

101
Q

action superior rectus

A

elevation, adduction, intortion

more powerful elevator when eye is lateral

102
Q

action inferior rectus

A

depress, adduct, extort

more powerful depressor when eye is positioned laterally

103
Q

action superior oblique

A

intort, depress, abduct

more powerful depressor when eye is medially

104
Q

action inferior oblique

A

extort, elevate, abduct

more powerful elevator when eye is medial

105
Q
A
106
Q

which artery gives off branches to middle of opthalmic disc

A

central retinal artery

107
Q

macula purpose

A

high acuity vision

108
Q

how is nasopharynx sealed

A

soft palette

109
Q

how is laryngeal inlet sealed

A

epiglottis

110
Q

how is glottis sealed

A

vocal cords abduct

111
Q

where is

  • greater petrosal
  • chordae tympani/stapedius

given off

A

geniculate nucleus - greater petrosal

middle ear- chordae tympai/stapedius

112
Q

which lymph node tongue

A

submental

113
Q

what compresses the RLN

A

apex, AoA- LHS

SCA- RHS

ESA3 wrong answers (5 decks)

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